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index
Aelian 97, 158, 160–162
Amazons 167
Ahuramazda/Oromazdes 32, 66n.92, 103,
ancestral custom 7, 9–11, 34
106–109, 113, 115, 119, 142, 146, 174
Artabanus (Parthian king) 183
see also darius i’s inscriptions
Artaxerxes (Sasanian king) 183
Alexander
Bessus’ throne-name 92
accounts conflated with darius iii
darius iii’s son 48
1, 5–6, 158–162, 166, 174–175,
Artaxerxes ii (Achaemenid king) 25, 115,
177–180
132, 180
historians
Artaxerxes iii/Ochus (Achaemenid) 14,
Aristobulus 2, 23, 24, 94, 110, 113,
36, 37, 40, 43–44, 92, 115
113n.58, 148
Arthurian Romances 40
Arrian
artistic representations sources of
date 2
narration 19, 29, 83–84
sources of 2–3, 24
Athenaeus
Cleitarchus
on darius i’s inscription 67
date 4
Avesta 66, 126, 173, 175, 178
Curtius
date 4
Babylon 2, 9–10, 42, 57n.34, 147, 150–151,
description of Persia 53n.13
158, 160, 181
diodorus of Sicily
Bactra/Bactria 46, 75, 77–79, 81–82,
date 2
85n.83, 91, 93, 94, 95, 95n. 27, 98, 108,
on Alexander’s forgery 43
111, 117
Persepolis’ description 69–70
bandakā 100–101, 103
sacred fire 131
Baryaxes (Median pretender) 95n.27, 111
sources of 4
see also Bessus
eratosthenes 3, 102
Bessus 46, 47, 72, 74–83, 85, 89–99, 101,
Justin
108, 111, 117–118, 121
date 3
Artaxerxes his throne-name 92
sources of 3
conflated with Baryaxes 95n.27, 111
nearchus 3
executed at ecbatuna as a rebel
Onesicritus
94–97, 117–118
on darius i’s tomb inscription
his threat significant 97, 117–118
119, 162
boar 125–126
Plutarch
see also Verethragna and Zoroastrian
date 4
influences
Pompeius Trogus
Book of esther 37–38, 141n.14
date 3
sources of 3–4
‘control of anger’ qualification of kingship
Ptolemy 23, 24, 29, 52, 152, 156, 158,
66n.92, 67, 78, 136n.108
161, 165
Ctesias 183
date 2
Cyrus 2, 32, 39–40, 50, 59, 70, 72, 110–114,
in iranian king list 166, 174, 179, 183
132–133, 183
‘king of Persians’ 101, 103, 127
Cyrus the Younger 40n.181, 63, 126, 180
name 21n.77, 24, 35, 55n.27, 59, 85–86,
112
dārāe/dārāy (darius in Pahlavi & Persian)
Persian costume 99–104
173, 179
‘satrap of darius’ 101
darius i 5, 45, 47, 60, 63, 66–68, 91, 94,
Alexander Romance 5, 124, 180–182
95, 100, 103, 105–109, 111–119, 127, 133,
192
index
139, 140–142, 145–146, 155, 157, 174, 179,
King’s chariot 18, 79, 83–85
180–182
see also artistic representations
inscriptions 5, 63, 66, 67, 103, 105–109,
king’s tent 17, 79, 83–84, 128, 169–171
113–117, 119, 127, 136n.108, 139–142,
145–146, 174, 181
law 103, 107–108, 118–119, 140–142
tomb 132–133, 141, 155, 157
Ahuramazda’s 119, 142
darius iii/dareius 1, 4, 6–11, 13–23, 25–26,
darius i’s 103, 119, 140–141
30–36, 39, 41–48, 56–58, 60, 65–67,
Philip’s 140
70–81, 92, 94, 106–108, 113, 118, 132, 147,
Livy 15
149, 156, 167, 174, 179, 183
acclaims Alexander heir 30–35, 71, 73,
Magi 2, 17, 19–20, 67, 110, 124, 137, 144,
74, 97
147n.6, 173, 177n.1–2
bravery 14
Mardi 61
eye on future’s verdict 77
Marsyas 4
folkloric accounts 87–89
minstrels 5, 87, 108, 116, 181
humanity 92
supported by king 116, 181
letters to Alexander 42–48, 50
speeches before battles 17, 26, 77, 149
naqsh-i Rustam 49, 88, 154–157
strategy for last stand 65–66, 71, 75,
nezami 124–125
77, 86, 87
nizam ul-Mulk 180
dio Chrysostom 182
drinking problem
Osthanes 177–179
Alexander 65, 67, 68
Olympias (Alexander’s mother) 28, 158,
Cambysis 68
161, 163–168
Philip 66
conflated with darius iii’s mother
dynastic prophecy 88, 156
166–168
ecbatana/Hagmathana 46, 74, 77, 94, 97,
Parthian 65, 72, 77, 178, 183
117–118, 131, 136n.108
histories 183
earth & water 47
Persepolis 49, 51, 56, 58–66, 68, 70,
evidence of translations from iranian 1,
76–77, 113, 117, 144, 155, 163
95, 101–102, 106, 109, 113, 137
Alexander’s object 46
exathres/Oxathres (darius iii’s brother)
capital of Persian empire 61, 64, 66,
36, 74, 97
69–70
defence of 51–56
fortune 19, 26, 32, 45, 48, 52, 57, 61,
description 69–70
78–80, 82, 98, 131, 158, 180
sack of 64–68, 77
Thais story propaganda against
girdle 99–101, 104
Alexander 64–65, 68, 70
goddess 25, 38, 40, 127–130, 132n.82,
Persia 55, 58, 60–62, 144, 163
147–149
attempts to capture brings ‘hell’ 55
Anahita 128–129
see also Zoroastrian influences
ishtar 167
description 53n.13
Persian court’s roster 19
Hephaestion 21–25, 36, 38, 125, 131–135,
Persian empire as collection of languages,
136, 136n.108, 147, 159
climates & landscapes 117, 141
Herodotus 12–13, 19n.72, 47, 114–117, 131,
see also darius i’s inscriptions
143, 183
Persian funerary rites 33, 71–72, 121–122,
131–137, 150, 160–161
iranian/Persian audience 1, 8, 13, 22, 30,
Persian histories 182–183
49, 57, 69, 84–85, 99, 106–107, 182
Persian document on the army 18
Philip (Alexander’s father) 11, 43, 66, 101,
Josephus 67n.93, 182
121, 125, 140, 145, 156–158, 164
index
193
Pliny 177, 179
substitute king 72, 75, 78, 83, 148–149
Pollution 135–137
Alexander for darius iii 147–149
Bessus for darius iii 72, 75, 78, 83
Roxana (Alexander’s wife) 129, 148,
Susa 27, 28, 39–40, 57n.34, 63, 113, 114, 139
162–165, 168
throne incident 49, 69, 182
conflated with darius iii’s wife 31n.133
name 130
Tabari 4, 6, 179–180
sacred fire 17, 131–137, 171, 173
two suns 42, 43, 49, 182
protected during funeral 134–136
quenching a Greek custom 136
Uxii 22, 28
Sasanian 5, 112, 128–129, 133–134, 158, 171,
178, 183
Vergina 156
histories 183
Verethragna/Heracles 126
Shāhnāma 5, 49, 52, 56, 66, 87–88, 108, 109, see also boar and Zoroastrian influences
130–131, 152, 154, 156–158, 162, 179–182
Shapur i’s inscription 134
xenophon 14, 38, 50, 63, 128
Sibylline prophecy 89, 156
xerxes 1, 8, 12–13, 37, 45, 60, 64–65, 68,
Sisigambis (darius iii’s mother) 18, 22,
112, 141n.14, 142, 177–180, 182
25–29, 160, 166
Alexander calls ‘mother’ 8, 21, 25, 27,
Zoroaster 177
167, 182
Zoroastrian hell 55, 141, 181
Alexander replacing darius for her 21–22
Zoroastrian influences 104, 122–127, 134,
conflated with Olympias 168
139, 141, 155, 159–162, 169–171
death 8, 29, 150
Zoroastrian girdle 104, 123
elamite connections 8, 22, 29
Zoroastrian literature 1–2, 5–6, 61, 132,
Stateira/Statira (darius iii’s wife) 32, 35,
134–135, 141, 166, 173–175, 183
168
Avesta 66, 126, 173, 175, 178
conflated with Roxana 31n.133, 168
Bahman Yasht 174
death 31–34, 48
Book of Arda Viraf 175, 179
(darius iii’s daughter & Alexander’s
Bundahishn 134, 166, 173–174, 179
