Chief Joe Mathias Centre, 259

  Chief Mistawasis, 112

  Chief Nk’wala, 28, 139

  Chilliwack, British Columbia, 124, 142, 169, 211, 295

  Chinese labourers, 144–45

  Chiyo:m (Mount Cheam, Halq’eméylem), 316

  chocolate lilies, 62–63

  church, 97, 106, 126, 285, 288, 289

  Coldwater, British Columbia. See əłetkwu

  Coldwater River, 137–38, 257

  colombine, 62

  Cook’s Ferry Indian Band, 138

  Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre, 125

  Coqualeetza Indian Hospital, 124–25

  Coqualeetza Indian Residential School, Sardis, British Columbia, 124, 125

  Coqualeetza Industrial Institute. See Coqualeetza Indian Residential School

  Coquihalla Highway, 62, 65

  Coquihalla Mountains, 62, 65, 137–38, 144, 214, 275

  cottonwood, 51, 70, 103, 116, 151, 214; dugout canoes, 146

  COVID-19 pandemic, cultural existence going online during, 283, 298

  Coyote. See synép

  cradleboards, 55

  Cree, 7, 111, 112, 288

  crochet, 17

  Cultus Lake, British Columbia, 151–52, 159, 192, 200

  uwenétmx (sasquatch), 152, 317

  cycling as healing, 66, 100, 200, 261–62, 267–70

  Dakelh, 133, 314

  Danezāgé’, 133, 314

  Danny, 15–16

  death camas, 64

  deer, 25–26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 119, 147, 200, 210, 261, 308; stew, 118, 171–75

  Dene ancestors, 151

  Dene-Zaa, 133, 314

  depression, 89–92, 129, 262, 265–66, 269, 280

  diabetes, 82–83, 84, 87

  Diane, 93, 96, 97

  Diiʔdiitidq, 133, 314

  disease, 86, 104, 142, 246, 264; influenza, 131, 149; smallpox, 131, 149–50; tuberculosis, 124–25, 131

  disenfranchisement, 85–86, 147

  dogbane. See sén

  Douglas Lake, 138

  Douglas Lake Cattle Company, 139–40

  Dumont, Gabriel, 47, 112

  Dumont, Isadore, 112

  eagles, 89, 119, 159, 303; feathers, 101, 288

  East Hastings Street, Vancouver, 275–76

  Edmonton, 88

  Edmonton Friendship Centre, 24

  Elders; and BC Elders Gathering, 191, 249, 259–60; and ceremony and prayer, 114, 129, 247–48, 287–89, 293, 302–3; gathering and preparation of traditional foods, 64, 97; and language, 97, 104, 138–39, 147, 183, 209, 277; and residential schools, 125–27, 135, 148–49, 192–93; and stories and teachings, 21, 24, 32, 103–7, 123, 137, 143–45, 150, 152, 184, 185, 188, 208, 228, 248–50, 266–67, 278–79, 284–85, 296, 300, 303, 310–11

  elementary school, 61, 66, 68, 126, 136, 182, 187, 188, 208

  elk, 88, 308

  Éy٧á٧juuthem, ١٣٣, 314

  fir, 51, 103, 155, 159, 266, 275; boughs, 11, 101, 128, 211, 235, 239, 248, 288, 303

  fireweed, 62, 209

  fishing, 46, 86, 97, 128, 121, 143, 144, 149, 210. See also salmon

  Fish Lake, 28, 85, 138, 152, 215

  foster care, 39, 78, 87, 93–94, 148, 264, 289. See also Indian Residential Schools; Sixties Scoop

  Fraser Canyon, 28, 139, 144–45, 149

  Fraser River, 123, 137, 144–45, 149–50, 208, 249, 257

  Freshie, 12

  fried bologna and rice, 12

  frogs. See əéłe

  fruit-picking, 145–46, 171

  fry bread, 12

  genocide, 107, 141, 262, 263–64, 296–97. See also disease; disenfranchisement; Indian Act; Indian Residential School

  Gitxsan, 314

  Gitxsanimx (language spoken by the Gitxsan), 133

  godmom, 4, 15–18, 21–22, 23, 25, 76–77, 89, 94, 97, 128, 145, 150, 152, 171, 192–95, 213, 281, 289; grief over death of children, 90, 220; illness and death of, 18, 188, 220–34, 242–46, 247

  Grand-Auntie Elizabeth, 85

  Grand-Uncle Edward, 85

  Grandpa Adam, 19, 33, 36, 38, 66, 75, 181, 244, 248; and residential school, 39

  grief, 51, 99, 107, 167–96, 199, 211, 241–50, 252, 260, 261–71, 280, 281, 286, 292, 299, 310. See also sorrow; trauma

  grizzly bears. See səxwsúxw

  Haida Gwaii, 136, 146

  Haíłzaqv, 133, 151, 314

  Halq’eméylem, 123, 125–26, 133, 288, 314

  hamburger stew, 19–20

  Hannah, Darwin, and Mamie Henry, 144

  Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia, 293–94, 295–96

  harvesting huckleberries, 33–35, 36

  Hay, Louise, 182

  healing. See canoe racing; ceremony; Elders; hiking; medicines; medicine wheel; prayer; running; sweatlodges

  Hedley, 28

  Həńq’əmińəm’, 123, 133, 288, 314

  hides, soaking and tanning, 12, 27

  high school, 61, 66, 89–90, 94, 95, 126, 136, 182, 188

  hiking, 100, 199, 200, 210, 281

  hops, 145, 146

  hospitals, 53–55, 124–25

  huckleberries. See əlále

  Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, 5

  Hul’q’umi’num, 123, 133, 314

  hummingbirds. See p’éseʔ

  hunting, 5, 25–26, 86

  Idle No More movement, 297

  Indian Act, 85–86, 137

  Indian Agents, 139

  Indian Bands, 137

  Indian Friendship Centres, 24, 88–89, 94, 95, 266

  Indian hemp. See sén

  Indian ice cream. See swúsm

  Indian National Finals Rodeo (Albuquerque, New Mexico), 81–82

  Indian paintbrush, 62, 209

  Indian Reserves, 24–25, 137–38, 140, 149, 264. See also disenfranchisement; off-reserve; Indian status

  Indian Residential Schools, 38–39, 87, 124, 125–27, 192–93, 306, 320; graveyards at, 126, 148, 150, 264, 265; intergenerational survivors of, 130, 148–49, 220, 245, 262–66, 283, 288, 289; and loss of languages and traditional names and knowledge, 63, 139, 147; violence against children in, 126, 192–93, 264–65, 285. See also foster care; Sixties Scoop

  Indian status: loss of through marriage or disenfranchisement, 24–25, 85–86, 147; and restriction to reserves, 264

  Indian tea. See éceʔ

  Indigenous rights, 85, 140–1

  Indigenous war veterans, 85

  influenza. See under disease

  Iroquois, 136

  ísalaʔ (two, Halq’eméylem), 316

  Jasper, Arlene, 66

  Jasper, British Columbia, 88

  Joeyaska Reserve, 138

  John, 3, 5

  Johnson, Esther, 241–43, 246–47

  Joseph, Wendy, 59–61

  juniper, 11, 31, 151, 235, 248, 266, 288

  Kamloops, British Columbia, 71, 93–94, 114, 140, 227

  Kamloops Indian Friendship Centre, 89, 95

  Kamloops Indian Residential School, 192

  éceʔ (Labrador tea, “Indian tea,” trapper’s tea, swamp tea), 64–65, 75, 211, 317

  Kitchican, Alaska, 4

  Kitsilano Secondary School, 68

  Knowledge Carriers, 123, 136, 267, 303

  Ktunaxa, 133, 314

  Kwakwaka’wakw, 133, 151, 314

  kwátłp (cedar), 103, 116, 132, 151, 154, 155, 159, 196, 199, 201, 206, 235, 239, 252, 304–5, 317; canoes, 146, 156, 158, 161, 165, 210, 211, 291, 294, 295; hats, 165; house posts, 170, 207; merímstn (medicine, Nsyílxcn), 248, 288

  kwílstn (sweatlodge, Nsyílxcn), 247, 303, 317

  wməm’iʔmeʔ (little, small), 79, 317

  kwulencuten (Creator, Great Spirit), 317

  kz̓éʔ (grandmother), 116, 318

  Lac La Ronge, 45

  lady slippers, 62, 63, 209

  language: loss of, 63, 116, 131, 138–39, 147, 236; revitalization of, 97, 125–26, 182–83, 191, 277, 278–79, 292. See also specific languages

  LGBTQ2S+ Loved Ones, 292, 306

  Lhílhequay (Mount Cheam), 306, 316

  Lílwat, 261, 315

  ling cod, 119, 140

  Łingít, 133, 314

  łwəpn (bitterroot), 116, 118, 208, 236, 318

  longhouses, 134, 136, 218, 282, 287. See also University of British Columbia First Nations House of Learning

  loons, 151

  Louie, Mary and Ed, 238

  Lower Nicola Indian Band, 138

  Lummi, 291, 314

  ƛ’úʔ sqáyx (the original people), 317

  ƛ’úʔ sqáyxcín (language of the original people), 306, 317

  Lytton, British Columbia, 94, 137

  marijuana, 72

  Medicine Dance. See sn’ix’wam

  medicines, 51, 63–64, 75, 86, 103, 120, 140, 141, 185, 236, 239, 247–48, 250, 255, 264, 288, 303, 304, 309, 317. See also medicine songs; medicine wheel

  medicine songs, 152, 213–14

  medicine wheel, 94–97, 263

  Mem, Great-Grandma (Lily), 28

  merímstn (medicine, Nsyílxcn), 197, 235, 239, 247–48, 250, 303, 304, 317

  Merritt, British Columbia, 58, 68, 88, 94, 126, 137, 140, 297

  Merritt Friendship Centre, 88, 94

  Merritt Secondary School, 68

  Métis, 7–8, 24, 41–48, 86, 111–13, 146–48, 315

  Michif (Métis language), 8, 111, 288, 315

  Mike Junior See sínciʔ

  mino bimaadiziwin (the good life), 297, 320

  mlámn (medicine, Nłeʔkepmxcín), 51, 309, 318

  Mom, 3–5, 14, 15, 17–18, 24, 25, 28, 58–61, 77, 88, 90; and grief over death of son, 188–89, 193–94; and residential school, 38–39, 286; at the University of British Columbia, 59, 62, 94

  moose, 5, 27, 111, 119, 210, 308

  Mooshoom (Grandfather, Cree, Michif), 43, 45–46, 320

  mush (oatmeal), 15, 84, 320

  Musqueam. See Xwməθkwəy’əm

  Musqueam Indian Reserve, 123, 149, 183, 185–86, 187

  Native Indian Teacher Education Program (NITEP), 71, 169–70, 187; History of First Nations in Canada course, 187–88, 189

  Native rights movement, 24

  Naxaxalhts’i, 149

  Nedu’ten, 133, 315

  Nicola Lake, 138, 152, 249

  Nicola River, 137–38, 257

  Nicola Tribal Association, 123

  Nicola Valley, 28, 64, 65, 68, 78, 137–39, 143, 144, 148, 152, 185, 211, 297, 304

  Nicola Valley Elders’ Group, 277

  Nicola Valley Institute of Technology, 63, 123, 126–27

  Nisga’a, 133, 151, 315

  nkéxw (bitter pudding—traditional dessert), 118, 236, 318

  Nłeʔkepmx (Thompson River Salish people), 11, 28, 55, 78, 94, 115, 137, 139, 185, 208, 217, 229, 247, 250, 261, 277, 315. See also Nłeʔkepmxcín

  Nłeʔkepmxcín (Nłeʔkepmx language), 21–22, 36, 63, 75, 80, 116, 123, 133, 138, 143, 228, 277, 288, 302, 303, 315

  nodding onion, 64, 117

  non-status, 24

  “Nooaitch” Indian Reserve. See Nwéyc

  Nsyílxcn (Syílx language) 20, 21-22, 36, 63, 85, 116, 133, 143, 138, 194, 228, 277, 301, 317

  Nuučaańuł, 133, 315

  Nuxalkmc, 133, 151, 315

  Nwéyc (“Nooaitch” Indian Reserve), 14, 138, 318

  ocean foods, 291

  off-reserve, 25, 147

  Ogopogo, 152

  Okanagan Lake, 152

  Okanagan speakers. See Syílx

  Okanagan Valley, 97, 139, 144, 145–46, 152, 171–72

  Oweekeeno, 133

  P.A., 5, 6

  parenting, 283–85

  péłuskwu (lake), 318

  p’éseʔ (hummingbird), 51, 62, 79, 318

  péłec (a wake or memorial, honouring a deceased Loved One), 318

  Pep, Great-Grandpa (Tim), 28

  əéłe (frog), 37, 119, 318

  pine, 26, 31, 32, 70, 81, 103, 114, 117, 172, 185, 211; jack, 44, 116, 147; lodgepole, 275; needles, 105, 132, 151; ponderosa, 215

  porcupines, 135–36, 152

  potlatches, 144, 146

  powwows, 172, 173, 175

  prayer, 78–79, 97, 101–2, 106, 114–15, 139, 182, 184, 197, 210, 218, 228, 238, 239, 249, 257, 258, 259, 286–89, 302, 305, 309, 310. See also ceremony; sweatlodges

  pregnancy, 76, 78–79

  w’əm (fart), 277, 278, 318

  qále (digging stick), 116, 318

  qwənqwént (pitiful), 238, 304, 318

  Querel Gravel & Lumber, 5, 6

  Quilchena, 26, 84, 138, 195, 215, 220

  Quw’utsun, 133, 165–66, 315

  racism, 85, 98–100, 131, 295–97, 298, 300–301. See also disenfranchisement; Indian Act; Indian Residential Schools; language, loss of

  rainbow trout, 140

  rape, 66–67, 73, 93, 98

  rattlesnakes, 119

  red willow, 51

  relocation, forcible, 86

  reserves, 24–25, 85–86

  residential schools. See Indian Residential Schools

  resurgence, concept of, 296–97

  Riel, Louis, 47, 112

  rodeos, 16, 81–82, 145–46, 171, 220, 230

  Royal Proclamation of 1763, 86

  running as healing, 199–206, 281

  sage, 114, 172, 239, 247, 257, 287, 288, 303

  sagebrush, 11, 44, 151, 178, 214, 275

  Salish, colonial origins of the term, 28, 137

  salmon. See sqyéytn

  Sardis, British Columbia, 124, 125, 142

  Saskatchewan River, 7, 8, 47

  saskatoon berries. See scáqwm

  Sasquatch Days Festival, Harrison Hot Springs, 294–96

  scáqwm (saskatoon berries), 51, 80, 94, 117, 208, 236, 318

  scmém’iʔt (children), 33, 318

  Scéxmx (People of the Creeks), 11, 117, 137, 151, 258, 315

  Scéxmxuyxw (territory of the People of the Creeks), 304, 315

  Secwepmc. See Secwepmx

  Secwepmx, 114, 115, 138, 192, 193, 251, 261, 315. See also Secwepemctsín

  Secwepemctsín (Secwepemc language), 133, 288, 315

  Sema:th Lake, 316. See also Sumas Lake, draining of

  SenćoŦen, 133, 315

  sewing, 5–6, 15–18, 32

  Séwtaʔ (Shuta) (family name, anglicized as Shuter), 139, 318

  seytknmx (the people), 34, 318

  səxwsúxw (grizzly bear), 78, 152, 318

  Sgüüs, 133, 315

  Shackan Indian Band. See Sxéxex

  She shashishalhem, 133, 315

  Shoal Lake Road, 6

  Shulus (sulús) (anglicized place name), 59, 65, 138, 304, 318

  Shulus Reserve, 59, 65, 138, 304

  Similkameen Mountains, 128

  Similkameen Valley, 28, 128, 139, 171–72, 178, 222, 251, 261

  Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake, Dancing on Our Turtle’s Back, 296, 297, 298, 301

  sínciʔ (younger brother), 53–57, 172–80, 181, 244, 318

  Siska, 28

  Sixties Scoop, 130, 148, 289. See also foster care; Indian Residential Schools

  síya (saskatoon berries, Nsyílxcn), 208, 317

  sepéłp (wild rose bush), 11, 51, 62, 87, 116, 208, 239, 248

  skíxzeʔ (mother), 51–52, 318

  swóz (aunt or grand-aunt), 75, 80–81, 185, 277, 278, 318

  Skwxwú7mesh sníchim, 133, 151, 288, 315

  Skwxwú7mesh Úxwumixw, 315

  Sƛ’aƛ’imx / Sáimcets, 315

  Salgyax, 133, 315

  smallpox. See under disease

  Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, Decolonizing Methodologies, 300

  smíycuy (deer meat), 318

  sn’ix’wam (Medicine Dance, winter dance, Nsyílxcn), 119–20, 172, 317

  snúk’we (friends), 12, 13, 318

  soap berries. See swúsm

  s’ólh témexw (our land, our world), 293, 302, 304, 316

  sorrow, 45, 87, 102, 107, 150, 159, 167–96, 206, 237, 239, 244, 252, 265, 268, 281, 291, 297. See also grief; trauma

  spápzeʔ (grandfather), 116, 265, 318

  Spaxomin (Upper Nicola Indian Indian Reserve), 61, 138, 139–40, 251, 317

  sén (Indian hemp or dogbane), 304, 319

  spéʔec (bear), 34, 43, 319. See also sǝxwsúxw (grizzly bear)

  Spences Bridge, 28, 304

  spíƛ’m (bitterroot, Nsyílxcn), 118, 317

  spílǝm (remembered stories, moccasin telegraph, or news), 117, 143, 144, 200, 309, 319

  sptékwł stories from the time of talking animals), 26, 143–44, 200, 319

  Sptétkw (Springs place name) 11, 14, 138, 251, 319

  spzúz’uʔ (birds), 34, 319

  sqáyxw (man), 118, 306, 307, 319

  Sqew’qeyl (Skowkale, Halq’eméylem), 316

  Squaw Rapids, 6

  sqwélqwel (remembered stories, Halq’eméylem), 309, 317

  sqyéytn (salmon), 119, 140–41, 144, 149, 161, 291, 319; canned, 210, 215, 222, 223, 227

  Sťáťimcets, 133

  status: and living off-reserve, 25; loss of through disenfranchisement, 85–86; loss of through marriage, 24, 85–86

  Sáemc, 138, 315

  stinging bitter thorns, 51

  stinging nettle, 63

  St. George’s Indian Residential School, 38–39, 87

  Stó:lō (People of the River), 123, 127–28, 315

  Stó:lō Nation, 124, 135–36, 190–92; Aboriginal Rights and Title Department, 123, 135, 190

  Stó:lō temexw (traditional territory of the People of the River), 151, 156, 199, 251, 264, 275, 290, 306, 316

  Sts’ailes (Chehalis), 293–94, 295, 296, 315

  Sts’iyó ye smesti’yexw slhá:li (Twin-Spirited woman), 304, 305–6, 316

  suicidal ideation, 90, 92, 189, 206, 243, 245, 262, 265, 280

  suicide, 107, 244

 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24