Courting India, page 54
63Ibid., p. 50.
64David Veevers, ‘ “A Boddy without a Head”: the Failure of an English Enterprise’, in The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), pp. 27–56 (pp. 51–2).
65Roe, Embassy (1926), p. 370.
66Thomas Roe, Sir Thomas Roe his speech in Parliament (London, 1641; Wing R1781), pp. 6, 8.
67‘William III to Aurangzeb, 1 January 1698/9’, BL Add MS 31302, fols 3r–4v. The full text is also printed in Harihar Das, The Norris Embassy to Aurangzib (1699–1702) (Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1959), pp. 82–4.
EPILOGUE
1‘Libretto and Official Guide [and map]’, in Imre Kiralfy, Empire of India Exhibition, 1895, Earl’s Court, London, S.W.: Libretto and Official Guide (London: J. J. Keliher & Co, 1895).
2Breandan Gregory, ‘Staging British India’, in Acts of Supremacy: The British Empire and the Stage, 1790–1930, ed. J. S. Bratton (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 150–78.
3Kiralfy, ‘Libretto and Official Guide’, p. 9.
4Ibid., p. 10.
5Ibid., p. 29.
6Ibid., p. 42.
7William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006), p. 1.
8Kiralfy, ‘Libretto and Official Guide’, p. 17.
9Quoted in Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi Before India (New York: Vintage, 2015), p. 138.
10Ibid., p. 111.
11Imre Kiralfy, Official Catalogue of the Empire of India Exhibition: Earl’s Court, London, S.W., 1895 (London: J. J. Keliher & Co, 1885), pp. 358, 365.
Image Credits
1. William Baffin, A Description of East India Conteyninge th’Empire of the Great Mogoll, pub. London, 1619. Copperplate engraving. Photo: Topographical Collection / Alamy.
2. William Kip, ‘The Device called Nova Felix Arabia’, in Stephen Harrison’s Arches of Triumph (London, 1613; STC 12863a). © The Trustees of the British Museum.
3. John Speed, Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine, London, 1616. Title-page. Folger Shakespeare Library, STC 23044.
4. After Michiel Jansz. van Miereveldt, Sir Thomas Roe, based on a work of 1640, National Portrait Gallery, London. Photo: Art Collection 2 / Alamy.
5. JAMES I and VI (1566–1625). Portrait attributed to John de Critz, c. 1605. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy.
6. Coronation medal proclaiming James I as ‘Caesar Augustus of Britain, Caesar the heir of the Caesars’. British Museum, London (G3 EM.316). Photo: © The Trustees of the British Museum.
7. Robert Peake the Elder, Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia aged seven, 1603, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Photo: steeve-x-art / Alamy.
8. Robert Peake the Elder, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, with Sir John Harington in the Hunting Field, 1603, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Purchase, Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1944 (Accession Number: 44.27).
9. Woman’s Bodice, c. 1610, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Stratford-upon-Avon (STRST: SBT 1993–35). Photo: © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
10. Thomas Coryate, Thomas Coriate traveller for the English wits (London, 1616). Folger Shakespeare Library, STC 5811.
11. Matthaus Greuter (Greuther), or by Diego de Astor, Sir Robert Shirley (Sherley), 1609, © Trustees of the British Museum.
12. Farrukh Beg, Akbar’s Triumphal Entry into Surat. From the Akbarnama, 1590–95 (detail) © Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
13. Abdul Hamid Lahori, Shah-Jahan Hunting Lions at Burhanpur (July 1630), 1636. Royal Collection Trust. Photo: © His Majesty King Charles III, 2022 / Bridgeman Images.
14. Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) Triumphing Over Poverty, Abu’l Hasan (attributed to), India, Mughal Empire, circa 1620–1625; border: Uzbekistan, Bukhara, 16th century. Opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on paper. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. From the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase (M.75.4.28), South and Southeast Asian Art.
15. Emperor Jahangir at the Jharoka window, ascribed to Abu ‘l-Hasan, northern India, ca. 1620, H. 31.4 cm × W. 20.4 cm © The Aga Khan Museum, AKM136.
16. Manohar, Darbar of Jahangir, 1624, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Francis Bartlett Donation / Picture Fund. Photo: © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / Bridgeman Images.
17. Prince Khurran, later the Emperor Shah Jahan (detail). Painting. India, Mughal period, early 17th century. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
18. Birth of Jahangir, attributed to Bishndas, c.1615–20. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bartlett Collection. Museum purchase with funds from the Francis Bartlett Donation of 1912 and Picture Fund. Photo: © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / Bridgeman Images.
19. La’l, Mourning at Court, folio from the Ayar-e-Danish, 1596. Bharat Kala Bhavan, No. 9065/17. © Bharat Kala Bhavan, BHU, Varanasi.
20. Abu’l-Hasan, Infant Prince (Shah Shuja, b. 1616), 1618. Private collection. Photo: © Regents of the University of Michigan, Department of the History of Art, Visual Resources Collections.
21. Robert Hughes’s sketch in his ‘Dictionarie. Writtin in the English and Persian Languages […] Compiled and gathered (for me Robert Hughes English merchant) in the Kingdom of India and Cittie of Agemer in the yeare of our Lord God 1616’. The Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford (MS Hatton OR32, folio 5A). Photo: © Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford.
22. Bichitr, Garden Gathering with a Prince. Folio, ink, colours and gold on paper, painting inscribed to the artist Bichitr (on recto), Persian calligraphy by Mir `Ali, illuminated by Muhammad Khan Musavvir (on verso), mounted on album-page with painted borders, painting India, c. 1615–1620, calligraphy Iran or Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan), c. 1505–1545, album compiled Mughal India, c. 1620–1640 Chester Beatty Library, Dublin [In 07A.7r] Photo: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.
23. Attributed to Bichitr, Portrait of James I, c. 1615–18. Private collection. Photo: Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images.
24. Abid, Jahangir Receives Prince Khurram (April 1616), 1656. Illustration from the ‘Padshahnama’, c. 1635. Royal Collection Trust. Photo: © His Majesty King Charles III, 2022 / Bridgeman Images.
25. Bichitr, Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings from the St. Petersburg Album, 1615. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Purchase, Charles Lang Freer Endowment. Photo: Smithsonian / Bridgeman Images.
26. Daulat, Album folio with depictions of artists in borders, c. 1610. Tehran, Golestan Palace Library, MS 1668, fol. 44v.
27. Nicholas Hilliard, The Lyte Jewel. Technique: pierced, painted, open-work, enamelled. Materials: vellum, gold, enamel, diamond. Production place: England. Production date: 1610 © Trustees of the British Museum London.
28. Jahangir Shooting the Head of Malik Ambar, early 17th century (opaque w/c, ink & gold on paper). Artist: Hasan, Abu’l (fl.1605–27) / Indian. Location: Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, USA Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution / Purchase – Charles Lang Freer Endowment / Bridgeman Images.
29. Jahangir Investing a Courtier with a Robe of Honour, 1616. British Museum. Period / culture: Mughal dynasty. Production place: India. Production date: 1616 (circa). Department: Middle East. Object reference number: 1933,0610,0.1 © Trustees of the British Museum London.
30. Pocahontas/Matoaka by Simon van de Passe (1616). Reproduced in The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (London, 1624; STC22790). Folger Shakespeare Library.
31. Edward Terry, A voyage to East-India (London, 1655). Frontispiece.
32. Attributed to Basawan, Drunk European Seated on Ground, 1580. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. Purchase — Charles Lang Freer Endowment. Photo: Smithsonian / Bridgeman Images.
33. Abu’l-Hasan, Portrait of Nur Juhan holding a gun, c. 17th century, Rampur Raza Library, Call no. 13/17.
34. Paul van Somer, Anne of Denmark and a Groom, 1617. Royal Collection Trust. Photo: © His Majesty King Charles III, 2022 / Bridgeman Images.
35. Lal Dera, late 17th to early 18th century. Silk velvet, silver-gilt thread, and cotton backing. Mughal (probably Ahmedabad, Gujarat). Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur. Courtesy Mehrangarh Museum Trust, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India and His Highness Maharaja Gaj Singh of Jodhpur. Photo: © Mehrangarh Museum Trust 2023. All Rights Reserved.
36. Govardhan (attrib.), Emperor Jahangir talking with Gosain Jadrup, Moghul miniature painting, c. 1620. Musee Guimet, Paris. Photo: Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images.
37. Yog Vashisht (bound manuscript) made for Prince Salim (Jahangir), Allahabad. Attributed to Bishndas, 1602. Colored pigments and gold on paper. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 05 f.178v) Photo © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin.
38. Jahangir weighing Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) against gold and silver. From a dispersed Jahangirnama Mughal India, c. 1615. British Museum, London (1948,1009,0.69) Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum, London.
39. Abu’l-Hasan and Muhammad Sadiq, Allegorical Representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah ‘Abbas of Persia from the St. Petersburg Album, 1618. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Photo: © Freer Sackler Gallery / Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution / Bridgeman Images.
40. Anon., Jahangir and Prince Khurram Entertained by Nur Jahan, 1640–1650, Indian School. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Photo: © Freer Sackler Gallery / Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution / Bridgeman Images.
41–42. Empire of India Exhibition, 1895, Earl’s Court, London, S.W.: libretto and official guide. Kiralfy, Imre, and J.J. Keliher & Co., lithographer, publisher. Bound with: Empire of India Exhibition, Earl’s Court, London, 1895 : official programme. [London] : London Exhibitions Ltd., [1895] (90–B26518). Lithographs by J.J. Keliher London, 1895. Photo: Getty Research Institute Special Collections (Acc. No. 2982–705).
43. William Rothenstein, Sir Thomas Roe at the Court of Ajmir, 1614. 1925–7, Oil on Canvas, 3048 × 4420 mm. Parliamentary Art Collection, UK. Photo: Alamy.
Index
A’in-i Akbari, here, here, here
Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
‘Abd al-Qadir Badauni, here
Abdul Karim, here
Abdul Rahim (glass blower), here
Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, here, here, here, here, here, here
Abu’l-Fazl, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Abu’l-Hasan, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Acts of Union, here
Adams, William, here
Addled Parliament, here, here, here, here
Adham Khan, here, here
Adil Shah of Bijapur, here, here
Adriaensen, Hendrik, here
Afzal Khan Shukrollah Shirazi, here
Agra waterworks project, here, here
Ahmadnagar rebel army, here, here, here, here
Ahmedabad, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Ai island, here, here
Aisan Daulat Begum, here
Ajanta, here
Ajayameru, here
Akbar, Emperor, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Deccan campaign, here, here
‘Nine Jewels’ of his court, here, here
and nomadic statecraft, here
and Nur Jahan, here
and women, here, here
Akbarnama, here, here
Akhlaq (books of manners and disposition), here
Aldworth, Thomas, here
Alexander the Great, here
Alfred, King, here, here
Ali Quli Beg Istalju (Sher Afgan), here, here
Amboyna, here, here, here
‘Amboyna massacre’, here
Ana Sagar lake, here
Anarkali, here, here
Angelica, Princess of Cathay, here
Anglo-Dutch Accord (1619), here
Ani Rai Singhdalan, here
Anna of Denmark, Queen, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
her portrait, here
Anne, Queen, here, here
Anne, here, here
Anne Royal, here
Antheunis, Lucas, here
Antwerp Stock Exchange, here, here
Aqa Mulla Dawatdar Quazwini, here
Aqa Reza of Herat, here
‘Arabia Britannia’, here, here
Ardhakathanak (‘Half Story’), here, here
Ariosto, Ludovico, here
Aristotle, here
Arjumand Banu Begum (Mumtaz Mahal), here, here, here, here, here, here
Armagon fort, here
Arundel, Thomas and Alethea, Earl and Countess of, here
Aryans, here
Asaf Khan, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Asirgarh fort, here
Asmat Begum, here
Ataga Khan, here
Aurangzeb, Emperor, here, here, here, here, here, here
‘Ayār-i Dānesh, here
Babur, Emperor, here, here, here, here, here, here
Bacon, Sir Francis, here, here, here
Badauni, here
Baffin, William, here, here, here
Bahadur Shah Zafar, Emperor, here
Baker, Richard, here, here
Banarasidas, here, here
Banda islands, here, here, here
Banqueting House fire, here
Bantam, here, here, here, here, here, here
Barbarigo, Gregorio, here
Barker, Thomas, here
Barnardi, Philip, here
Barton, Henry, here
Bear, here
Beaumont (French envoy), here
Bedford, Lucy, Countess of, here, here, here
Beeston, George, here
Bell, William, here
Berkeley, Maurice, here, here
Berkeley, Sir Richard, here
Bermuda, here, here, here
Bernier, François, here, here, here, here
Best, Thomas, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Betor, here
bhaunra (black bees), here
Bible, Persian translation of, here
Bichitr, here, here, here
Bickford, James, here, here
Biddulph, William, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Bilford, Mark, here
Bingley, Sir John, here
Bishandas, here, here
Blitheman, Edward, here
Boiardo, Matteo Maria, here
Bonner, Thomas, here, here
Book of Genesis, here, here
Book of Joshua, here
Book of Proverbs, here
Boonen. William, here
Boris Godunov, Tsar, here
Bose, Nandalal, here
Boughton, Humphrey, here, here, here
Bowles, George, here
British perceptions of India, here, here
Browne, John (carpenter), here
Browne, John (factor), here, here
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, here, here
Bulstrode, Cecilia, here, here, here, here
Burhanpur, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Busino, Orazio, here, here, here
Cabot, Sebastian, here
Cadiz, capture of, here
Cambay (Khambhat), here, here, here, here, here
Camden, William, here
Canning, Launcelot, here
Canning, Paul, here, here, here
caravanserais, here
Carew, George, Lord, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Carleton, Sir Dudley, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
carriages, here
cartaz system, here
Castiglione, Baldassare, here
Catesby, Robert, here
Cathay Company, here
Catiline, here
Catrou, François, here
Challoner, Sir Thomas, here
Chamberlain, John, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Chapman, George, here
Charke, Charles, here
Charles, Prince (later King Charles I), here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Charles, here, here
Charter for New England, here
Chashma-i-Nur, here, here
Chaucer, Geoffrey, here
Cheapside Hoard, here
children’s deaths, here
Chingis Khan, here
Chittor, here, here
Chopda, here
Churchill, John, here
Cicero, here
Clifford, Lady Anne, here
Clive, Robert, here
Clothworkers’ Company, here
Clove, here, here
coinage, here
Cokayne project, here
Coke, Sir Edward, here, here
Columbus, Christopher, here
comets, here
Connock, Edward, here, here, here
Contarini, Pietro, here
Coombe Abbey, here
Copland, Patrick, here, here, here, here, here
Corey the Indian, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Cornwallis, Sir William, here
Corsi, Francesco, here, here
Coryate, Thomas, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Cotton, Sir Robert, here
Courthope, Nathaniel, here, here
Coverte, Robert, here, here, here, here, here, here
Cross, John, here
Cunningham, Sir James, here
Dallam, Thomas, here
Daniel, Samuel, here
Daniyal, here
Daniyal, Prince, here
Dara Shikoh, here, here
darshan (act of beholding), here
Daulat, here
Day, John, here, here
de Bry, Theodor, here
De Duyts, Abraham, here
de la Valla, Antonio, here
de Taides, Maria, here
