Those Who Are About To Die, page 43
Pythagoreans, 8, 176, 268
Sophists, 229
Stoics, 118, 123, 147–8, 176, 203, 283
Philostratus, 15–16, 264
Phobos, 102
phoenixes, 193, 198
Piazza Armerina, Sicily, 192, 198
pinacotheca, 40
pinnas, 68
Pionius, 206
Placidianus, 229, 238
Plato, 112, 114, 176
Platonists, 46, 88, 112, 114, 176
plebs, 8, 9, 28, 54, 56
Pliny the Elder, 9, 72, 76, 179, 270
Pliny the Younger, 16, 42, 80, 140, 177–8
Plutarch, 10, 41, 45, 50, 146, 156, 176, 204, 209, 255, 267–8
Pluto, 150, 158, 159, 171, 250
podium, 161–2, 163, 164, 165–6, 167
polar bears, 186, 194
Polemo, 175, 178, 229
Pollio, Asinius, 15
Polybius, 14, 139, 257–8
Pompa, see processions
Pompeii, Italy
advertisements in, 45, 61, 121, 206, 218
Aethiopia painting in, 193
barracks in, 49, 69–70, 106–7, 147
House of Anicetus, 126–7, 264
House of Caecilius Iucundus, 40–41, 42
lists of gladiators in, 25
ludi in, 58, 61
Mesonius’ games, 58, 280
processions in, 151–2, 154, 155, 160
rioting in, 126–7, 264
Stabian Gate, 5, 106
Pompey the Great, 14–15, 56, 64, 132, 177–8, 180, 186
Pompey, Sextus, 241, 242
pontiarii, 152
Pontus, 16, 60
popinae, 78
populares, 55
Portugal, 78
posca, 17
poverty, 8, 19–25
Praeneste, Italy, 55, 59, 79, 267
Praetorian Guard, 26, 36, 168, 175, 265
praetors, 30, 32, 54, 58
Praxiteles, 71
Primus Palus, 107, 109
prisoners of war, 12–15, 44–5, 63, 69, 115, 153, 179, 280
privacy, 6, 7, 37–44
prize money, 19–20, 23–5
probatio armorum, 169–70
Probus, Roman Emperor, 13, 187, 196
processions, 5, 150–60, 170, 217, 274
animals, 154
condemned prisoners, 153, 159
editors, 156–7
emperors and, 157–8, 170
fasces, 150
lictors, 150, 156
music, 155–6
pagan religion and, 150, 151, 157–60
perfume, 154–5
programmes, 5–6
Prometheus, 114, 210, 214
prostitution, 1, 15, 21, 33, 38, 78–9, 202–3
Provocator, 99, 220, 222
Prudentius, 273–4
Pseudo-Quintilian 218
public baths, 37–8, 78, 154
pullati, 162
pulvinar, 157
Punic War
First (264–241 BC), 179
Second (218–201 BC), 14
punishment, 6, 16–17, 167, 201–16
executions, see executions
informers, humiliation of, 172–3
ludi, sentencing to, 15–17, 45, 63, 68, 69, 110, 204–5, 273, 281
mines, labour in, 16, 71, 109, 273
processions and, 153, 159
suicide, compelled, 113–14
tattooing, 71
Puteoli, Italy, 17, 152, 157, 203
pygmies, 223
Pyrrhic dance, 170, 201, 204, 209
Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 132, 178, 179
Pythagoras, 8, 176, 268
quaestors, 54
Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, 64, 80, 218, 266–7
rabbits, 179
Ravenna, Italy, 59, 60
referees, 1, 127, 225, 237, 250, 267
Regulus, Livineius, 127
Reish Lakish, 51
relationships, 105
Remus, 188
Res publica, 81, 84, 86
Retiarii, 32, 68, 72, 219, 234, 246, 247, 267
disgrace and, 32, 69, 172
dreams of, 99, 129, 227
effeminacy, perceptions of, 32, 69, 70, 105, 235
matching against, 221, 226
retirement, 24, 28–9
revenge, 51–2
rhetoric, 125
rhinoceroses, 193, 194, 198
Rhodes, 146, 167–8, 240
Rhodope Mountains, 196
rhythm, 2, 66–7, 227–8
riots, 127–8, 264
robberies, 87, 96
Robert, Louis, 141
roebucks, 132
Roman Empire (31BC–AD 395), 3
amphitheatre building in, 134
Antonine plague (165–80 AD), 245
Bar Kokhba rebellion (132–5 AD), 51
Dacian War (86–88 AD), 59, 239
Dacian War (105–6 AD), 122, 174, 187, 238
Jewish Diaspora Revolt (115–17 AD), 14, 51
Jewish Revolt (66–70 AD), 12, 51, 136
ludi in, 56–61
Marcomannic Wars (165–80 AD), 245, 246
suicide in, 113–14
Tetrarchy wars (306–24 AD), 263, 278
third century crisis (238–84 AD), 277
Year of Five Emperors (193 AD), 26–7, 262
Year of Four Emperors (69 AD), 135, 245
Roman Republic (509– 31BC), 3, 26, 54–6, 112
amphitheatre building in, 134
Caesar’s civil war (49–45 BC), 14–15, 56, 112, 218, 239
Catilinarian conspiracy (63 BC), 56, 84
democracy in, 3, 54–5, 57, 252, 256–9
funeral games in, 132
Gallic War (361–58 BC), 26
ludi in, 54–6
Punic War, First (264–241 BC), 179
Punic War, Second (218–201 BC), 14
senatorial order, see senatorial order
Sicilian Slave War (104–100 BC), 115, 117–18
Sicilian War (42–36 BC), 241, 242
Social War (91–87 BC), 133
Spartacus Rebellion (73–71 BC), 14, 17, 18, 53, 86, 226
suicide in, 112, 114
War of Actium (32–30 BC), 241–2, 244
Romanitas, 3, 137
Rome, Italy
amphitheatres in, 133–6
Arch of Constantine, 189
Campus Martius, 57, 134, 135, 190
Circus Maximus, see Circus Maximus
Colosseum, see Colosseum
Forum, 55, 90, 134, 172
Forum Boarium, 133
Forum of Augustus, 135
Great Fire (64 AD), 134, 135, 206
lighting in, 86
Ludus Dacicus, 59, 79
Ludus Gallicus, 59, 79
Ludus Magnus, see Ludus Magnus
Ludus Matutinus, 59, 60, 106
Meta Sudens, 178
nightlife, 78
noise in, 78–9
Sheep-pen, 134
Temple of Mars Ultor, 239
Theatre of Marcellus, 120
Trajan’s Column, 5
Villa Farnesina, 40, 42
Romulus, 188
Roxolani, 13
rudis, 68, 250, 279
running, 47
Rutilius, Publius, 245
Sabaeans, 244
Sabinus, 175
Sacred Tales (Aristides), 91, 97
saffron, 1, 79, 154, 170, 195, 196, 199
sagina, 9–10, 71
Sagittarius Rising (Lewis), 282
Sallust, 84, 188
salute, 167–70
Salvidienus Rufus, 242
Samnites, 68, 243
Samos, 195
Sanctus, 214
Sappho, 111, 112
Saracens, 13
Sarmatians, 13, 14, 244
Sassanid Empire (224–651), 43–4
Sassina, Italy, 230
Satires (Juvenal), see under Juvenal
Saturnalia, 43, 62, 80, 252
Saturus, 207, 208
Satyricon, The (Petronius), 29, 41, 46–7, 62, 73, 113, 155, 189–90, 220, 225, 227
Satyrus, 118
Saxons, 115–17
Schadenfreude, 46
scholasticii, 125
schools, see ludi
Scott, Ridley, 5
Scribonius Curio, Gaius, 134
scutarii, 219
Scythians, 19–20
Second Sleep, The (Harris), 76
Secunda Rudis, 225
security, 104–10
Secutores, 34, 36, 99, 107, 220, 222, 226, 227, 246
segmented sleep, 76
Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC), 138–9
self-control, 28, 149
self-immolation, 112, 209–10
senatorial order, 3, 14, 172
amphitheatre building and, 134
democracy and, 3, 54, 57, 252, 256, 258–9
gifts and, 255–6
gladiator ownership, 54–8
gladiatorial volunteers, 29–31, 32, 222
informers and, 172
oligarchy and, 134, 172, 258–9
one-off games, 122
plebs, relations with, 3, 4, 54, 56, 252, 256, 258–9
seating and, 161, 202
tickets and, 124–5
treason charges and, 165–6
Seneca the Elder, 8, 67, 72
Seneca the Younger
on afterlife, 283–4
on anger, 229
Apocolocyntosis, 171
on barracks, 105, 107
on beast fighters, 59
on effeminacy, 104–5, 107
on executions, 203–5, 249
on games, 147, 148
on gifts, 256
on lanistae, 61
on oaths, 62
on poverty, 21
on sex, 38
on sleep, 77–8, 83
on suicide, 104, 115, 118–19
on vegetarianism, 8
Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor, 16, 27, 31, 32, 81, 90, 93, 175, 198, 222, 262
Serapis, 175
Servilius, Publius, 57
servitude, 6
gladiators, 63, 68, 71
mines, labour in, 16, 71, 109
slaves, see slaves
severi Augustales, 125
Severus Alexander, Roman Emperor, 37, 78, 82, 93, 121, 208
sex; sexuality, 6, 65, 69–74
Bacchus, cult of, 84
baths and, 37–8
Christianity and, 38, 39, 88, 123
conception, 268–9
erotic art, 40–41, 73–4
executions and, 215–16
female gladiators, 224
gladiators and, 4, 53, 69–74, 106
homosexuality, 70, 83, 84, 141
prostitution, 1, 15, 21, 33, 38, 78–9, 202–3
slaves and, 41, 58–9
Sextus Empiricus, 91
Sheep-pen, Rome, 134
sheep, 187, 197
Sicilian Slave War, Second (104–100 BC), 115, 117–18
Sicilian War (42–36 BC), 241, 242
Sicily, 115, 117, 129, 132, 167–8, 208, 240
silentarii, 80
Silvanus, 231
Sisinnes, 19–21, 22, 23
sitos, 10
skill, 2, 231, 245, 246, 247
slaves, 16, 17–19, 29, 41–2, 53–5, 69, 231
dreams and, 97, 100–101
gladiators, 17–19, 45, 63, 69, 105, 108
manumission, 46, 97, 101, 165
Saturnalia, 62
seating of, 162
sex and, 41, 58–9
Sicilian War, Second (104–100 BC), 115, 117–18
Spartacus Rebellion (73–71 BC), 14, 17, 18, 53–5, 86, 226
suicide and, 111
sleep, 6, 76, 77–89
cult of sleeplessness, 79–83
draughts, 79
dreams, 6, 90–103, 227
fear and, 86–9
weakness and, 83–6
Smirat, Africa, 180
Smyrna, Asia, 153, 206, 261
snakes, 194
social class, 6, 8–9, 95, 160–67, 211
dreams and, 96
executions and, 16
housing and, 79–80, 266
hunting and, 189
seating and, 125, 126, 202
venationes and, 186
social mobility, 165
Social War (91–87 BC), 133
Socrates, 112, 117
soldiers, 9, 23, 26, 37, 165, 171, 243
Sophists at Dinner (Athenaeus), 50, 58
Sophists, 229
Spain, 15, 60, 131
amphitheatre building in, 121, 137
cattle rustling in, 63, 68, 110, 281
crucifixions in, 208–9
seating rules in, 163, 167
tombstones in, 230
sparrows, 175
sparsio missilium, 253
sparsiones, 154
Sparta, 189
Spartacus, 14, 17, 53, 86, 108, 226
Spartacus Rebellion (73–71 BC), 14, 17, 18, 53–5, 86, 226
spatha, 220
spear throwing, 47
Spoliaria, 266–8, 270
Sports Illustrated, 267
Stabian Gate, Pompeii, 5
Statilius Taurus, Titus, 134, 135
Statius, 202, 222–3, 224, 252–3
statues, 34, 35, 66, 82, 88, 136, 151, 157, 262
status, see social class
Stoa, 136
Stoicism, 118, 123, 147–8, 176, 203, 283
stola, 160
Story of Apollonius King of Tyre, The, 240
Strabo, 58
Studiosus, 72
stuffing, 9–10, 71
Styx, 150, 159
subjects, 6
Sudan, 13
Suebi, 244
Suebians, 14
Suetonius, 17–18, 33, 40, 69, 80, 128, 167–8, 169, 208–9, 261, 262
suicide, 6, 104, 107, 110–19
Sulla, Faustus, 55
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 133, 163, 186, 190
Summa Rudis, 225
superstition, 8, 268
Suppositicii, 281
sweat, 267
Switzerland, 60, 74
Sygambrians, 244
Symmachus, 115–17, 191
Symposiaka (Plutarch), 50
Synaulia, 156
Syracuse, 240, 241
Syria, 13, 14, 111, 138–40, 187, 253, 273
Table-talk (Plutarch), 50
Tacitus (writer), 31, 55, 116, 123, 127, 168, 195
Tacitus, Roman Emperor, 78
Tartarus, 283
Tatian, 21
Tatius, Achilles, 240
tattooing, 71
Taurus, Statilius, 57
Tavern of the Seven Sages, Ostia, 40
Telegenii, 49, 182–3, 191, 250
Telegonos, 183
Telemachus, 278
Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome, 239
Terror, 102
Tertullian
on cannibalism, 270
on executions, 16–17, 159–60, 211, 212, 214
on latrines, 39
on opposition to games, 11, 17, 123, 274, 275
on paganism, 11, 158
on sex, 70
on volunteers, 27, 73
tesserae, 125
Tetrarchy wars (306–24 AD), 263, 278
Tetrinius, 261
Thanatos, 86
Theatre of Marcellus, Rome, 120
theatre, 120, 121, 122, 163, 164
Theodosian Code, 274
Theodosius II, Roman Emperor, 191–2
Thessalonica, Greece, 233
Thessaly, Greece, 101, 121, 180
third century crisis (238–84 AD), 277
Thrace, 145, 221, 243
Thracians, 244
Thraex, 65, 69, 72, 98–9, 130, 131, 219–20, 226, 227, 230, 236, 243
Thucydides, 140
thumbs-up, 248
Thysdrus, Africa, 48–51, 137, 182
Tiberius, Roman Emperor, 24, 28–9, 31–2, 33, 262
tickets, 120, 121, 124–6
tigers, 174, 190, 192, 198
time, 6, 75–7
tirones, 67, 109, 282
Titus Vespasianus, 12–13, 136
Titus, Roman Emperor, 4–5, 122, 169, 187, 218, 222, 260–61
togas, 39, 127, 130, 143, 150, 151, 156, 161, 163, 182
tokens, 253–4
tombstones, see cemeteries
topoi, 35
Towton, North Yorkshire, 249
Toxaris (Lucian), 19–22, 23, 124, 214, 217
training, 65–9
Trajan, Roman Emperor, 16, 42, 122, 140, 187, 189, 238, 281
Trajan’s Column, Rome, 5
transmigration of souls, 8, 176
treason, 57, 113, 165, 172, 201
tribunes, 161
Trinquii, 137, 220
tunica molesta, 209, 211, 212
Turkey, 9, 60, 82
Tyche, 91, 158
Tyre, 240
tyros, 67, 109
Ulpian, 27–8, 32, 63
Ultrix, 158
Underworld, 86, 140–41, 158, 159, 171, 178, 181, 210, 250, 283
Urbicus, 237–8
Urfa, Turkey, 232
Urso, Spain, 121, 137, 164, 167
Valentinian, Roman Emperor, 273
Valerian, Roman Emperor, 85
Vandals, 14
Varro, 17
Vatinius, 68–9, 72
vegetarianism, 8–9, 176
Vegetius, 65, 66–7, 228
venationes; venatores, 5, 11, 33, 57, 132–3, 174, 176–200, 276
demographics of hunters, 26, 177, 184, 186
empire and, 190–200
mosaic depictions, 48–51, 182, 180–84, 188, 192–4, 196, 197, 198
origins of, 132–3
pagan religion and, 158, 179, 181–2, 183
popularity of, 187
social class and, 186, 189
Venus, 195, 223
Venusia, Italy, 282
Verres, Gaius, 208
Vespasian, Roman Emperor, 12, 33, 69, 81, 135, 136
Vesper, 6, 7, 266
Vestal Virgins, 160, 205
veterani, 109
veterans, 37
Via Labicana, Rome, 79, 120, 136
Via Sacra, Rome, 120, 136
Via San Giovanni, Rome, 106
Via Tor de’ Conti, Rome, 135
Vigilia, 6
Villa Farnesina, Rome, 40, 42
Vipasca, 78
Virgil, 92
virtus, 4, 6, 26, 47, 224, 258
Visby, Sweden, 249
Vitalis, 272
Vitellius, Roman Emperor, 9, 17–18, 30
Volsinii, Italy, 273
volunteers, 19–28, 29, 30, 63–4, 69, 73, 105, 282
voting, 3, 19, 54–5, 57, 134, 252, 258–9
war, 3–4, 27, 81, 140, 145, 238–46
prisoners of war, 12–15, 44–5, 63, 69, 115, 153
War of Actium (32–30 BC), 241–2, 244
warm-up acts, 170
Watches, 6, 53, 75, 76, 90
wedding ceremonies, 267–8
Wicker Man, 137
wild beast hunts, see venationes
wild boars, 187, 189, 190, 207
wine, 10–11, 17, 37, 42, 50, 79
Winged Victory (Yeates), 282
witches, 88
women
Amazons, 14
