Those Who Are About To Die, page 39
Isaac (2004): B. Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton, and Oxford, 2004)
Jacobelli (2003): L. Jacobelli, Gladiators at Pompeii (Los Angeles, 2003)
Jacobelli (2021): L. Jacobelli, ‘Pompeii and Games’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 488–97
Janni (1984): P. Janni, La Mappa e il Periplo: Cartografia Antica e Spazio Odologico (Rome, 1984)
Jansen (2003): G.C.M. Jansen, ‘Social distinctions and issues of privacy in the toilets of Hadrian’s Villa’, JRA 16 (2003), 137–52
Jarman (2021): C. Jarman, River Kings: The Vikings from Scandinavia to the Silk Roads (London, 2021)
Jennison (1937): G. Jennison, Animals for Show and Pleasure in Ancient Rome (Manchester, 1937)
Jones (2019): A. Jones, ‘Greco-Roman Sundials: Precision and Displacement’, in: Miller, and Symons (2019), 125–57
Jones (1964): A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284–602 (Oxford, 1964)
Jones (2021): C. Jones, The Fall of Robespierre: 24 Hours in Revolutionary Paris (Oxford, 2021)
Jones (1986): C.P. Jones, Culture and Society in Lucian (Cambridge, Mass., and London)
Junkelmann (2000): M. Junkelmann, Das Spiel mit dem Tod: So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren (Mainz, 2000; republished, with additions, as Gladiatoren: Das Spiel mit dem Tod [Mainz, 2008])
Junkelmann (2000)A: M. Junkelmann, ‘Familia Gladiatoria: The Heroes of the Amphitheatre’, in: Köhne, and Ewigleben (2000), 31–74
Junkelmann (2000)B: M. Junkelmann, ‘Gladiatorial and military equipment and fighting technique: a comparison’, JRMES 11 (2000), 113–7
Junkelmann (2010): M. Junkelmann, ‘Gladiators in action: recent work on practical aspects of gladiatorial combat’, JRA 23 (2010), 512–32
Kanz, and Grossschmidt (2006): F. Kanz, and K. Grossschmidt, ‘Head injuries of Roman gladiators’, Forensic Science International 160 (2006), 207-16
Kanz, and Grossschmidt (2009): F. Kanz, and K. Grossschmidt, ‘Dying in the Arena: The Osseus Evidence from Ephesian Gladiators’, in: Wilmott (20), 211–20
Keegan (1976): J. Keegan, The Face of Battle (London, 1976)
Kelly (2015): G. Kelly, Review of Salzman, and Roberts (2011), CR 65.1 (2015), 161–3
Keppie (1984): L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire (London, 1984)
Ker (2004): J. Ker, ‘Nocturnal Writers in Imperial Rome: The Culture of Lucubratio’, CPhil 99.3 (2004), 209–42
Ker (2019): J. Ker, ‘Diurnal Selves in Ancient Rome’, in: Miller, and Symons (2019), 184–213
Ker (2023): J. Ker, The Ordered Day: quotidian time and forms of life in ancient Rome (Baltimore, 2023)
Killeen (1959): J.F. Killeen, ‘What was the Linea Dives (Martial, VIII, 78, 7)?’, AJPhil. 80.2 (1959), 185–8
Kocjan (2018): T. Kocjan, ‘A Woman’s Virtus? Perceptions of the Female Gladiator’, Chronica 8 (2018), 49–56
Köhne, and Ewigleben (2000): E. Köhne, and C. Ewigleben (eds.), Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome (English tr., London, 2000)
Koloski-Ostrow (2015): A.O. Koloski-Ostrow, The Archaeology of Sanitation in Roman Italy: Toilets, Sewers, and Water Systems (Chapel Hill, 2015)
Kontokosta (2021): A.H. Kontokosta, ‘Contests in Context: Gladiatorial Inscriptions and Graffiti’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 330–41
Kyle (1998): D.G. Kyle, Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome (London, and New York, 1998)
Kyle (2021): D.G. Kyle, ‘Animal Events’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 254–65
Lane Fox (1986): R. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians in the Mediterranean World from the Second Century AD to the Conversion of Constantine (Harmondsworth, 1986)
Lane Fox (1996): R. Lane Fox, ‘Ancient hunting: from Homer to Polybios’, in: Salmon, and Shipley (1996), 119–53
Lane Fox (2015): R. Lane Fox, Augustine: Conversion and Confessions (London, 2015)
Laurence (1994): R. Laurence, Roman Pompeii: Space and Society (London, and New York, 1994)
Laurence (2013): R. Laurence, ‘Traffic and Land Transportation in and near Rome’, in: Erdkamp (2013), 246–61
Laurence (2017): R. Laurence, ‘The sounds of the city: From noise to silence in ancient Rome’, in: Betts (2017), 13–22
Lendon (2017): J.E. Lendon, ‘Battle Description in the Ancient Historians, Part I’, GR 64.1 (2017), 39–64
Lendon (2017)A: J.E. Lendon, ‘Battle Description in the Ancient Historians, Part II’, GR 64.2 (2017), 145–67
Lewis (1936): C. Lewis, Sagittarius Rising (London, 1936)
Lindberg (2019): N. Lindberg, ‘The Emperor and his Animals: The Acquisition of Exotic Beasts for Imperial Venationes’, GR 66.2 (2019), 251–63
Lindström (2010): T.C. Lindström, ‘The animals of the arena: how and why could their destruction and death be endured and enjoyed?’, World Archaeology 42.2 (2010), 310–23
Line (2022): P. Line, ‘The elephants who appealed to the gods: animal agency in the Roman arena and the human perception of it’, Trace: Journal for Human Animal Studies 8 (2022), 6–31
Linn (2014): J. Linn, The Dark Side of Rome: A Social History of Nighttime in Ancient Rome (DPhil thesis, Santa Barbara, 2014)
Lintott (1987): A. Lintott, ‘Democracy in the Middle Republic’, ZRG 104 (1987), 34–52
Lintott (1993): A. Lintott, ‘Imperium Romanorum: Politics and Administration (London, and New York, 1993)
MacKinnon (2006): M. Mackinnon, ‘Supplying Exotic Animals for the Roman Amphitheatre Games: New Reconstructions Combining Archaeological, Ancient Textual, Historical and Ethnographic Data’, Mouseion 6.2 (2006), 137–61
MacKinnon (2021): M. Mackinnon, ‘Animal Supply’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 545–56
MacLean (2014): R. MacLean, ‘People on the Margins of Roman Spectacle’, in: Christesen, and Kyle (2014), 578–89
MacMullen (1966): R. MacMullen, Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest, and Alienation in the Empire (Cambridge, Mass., and London)
MacMullen (1974): R. MacMullen, Roman Social Relations 50BC to AD284 (New Haven, and London, 1974)
MacMullen (1976): R. MacMullen, Roman Government’s Response to Crisis AD 235–337 (New Haven, and London, 1976)
MacMullen (1982): R. MacMullen, ‘The Epigraphic Habit in the Roman Empire’, AJPhil 103 (1982), 233–46
MacMullen (1984): R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire AD100–400 (New Haven, and London, 1984)
MacMullen (1988): R. MacMullen, Corruption and the Decline of Rome (New Haven, and London)
MacMullen (1990): R. MacMullen, Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary (Princeton, 1990)
MacMullen (1990)A: R. MacMullen, ‘Judicial Savagery in the Roman Empire’, in: MacMullen (1990), 204–17 (originally published in Chiron [1986])
MacMullen (1990)B: R. MacMullen, ‘Social History in Astrology’, in: MacMullen (1990), 218–24 (originally published in Ancient Society [1971])
Magowan (2017): S.R. Magowan, Approaching Sleep and Dreams in Early Greek Thought (PhD thesis, Royal Holloway, London, 2017)
Mann (2009): C. Mann, ‘Gladiators in the Greek East: A Case Study in Romanization’, International Journal of the History of Sport 26.2 (2009), 272–97
Mattern (1999): S.P. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Baltimore, and London, 1999)
Mattern (2013): S.P. Mattern, The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2013)
Maxfield (1981): V.A. Maxfield, The Military Decorations of the Roman Army (London, 1981)
McCullough (2008): A. McCullough, ‘Female Gladiators in Imperial Rome: Literary Context and Historical Fact’, CW 101.2 (2008), 197–209
Meggitt (1977): M. Meggitt, Blood Is their Argument: Warfare Among the Mae Enga Tribesmen of the New Guinea Highlands (Palo Alto, 1977)
Meijer (2004): F. Meijer, The Gladiators: History’s Most Deadly Sport (London, 2004)
Mennen (2011): I. Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284 (Leiden, and Boston, 2011)
Millar (1981): F. Millar, ‘The world of the Golden Ass’, JRS 71 (1981), 63–75
Millar (1984): F. Millar, ‘The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200–151 BC’, JRS 74 (1984), 1–19
Millar (1986): F. Millar, ‘Politics, Persuasion and the People before the Social War (150–90BC)’, JRS 76 (1986), 1–11
Millar (1998): F. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998)
Miller, and Symons (2019): K.J. Miller, and S.L. Symons (eds.), Down to the Hour: Short Time in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East. Time, Astronomy, and Calendars (Leiden, and Boston, 2019)
Milliman (2021): P. Milliman, ‘The Decline and Fall of Spectacle’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 194–206
Milner (1996): N.P. Milner, Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science (2nd ed., Liverpool, 1996)
Mitchell (2012): J.M. Mitchell, ‘The Case of the Strangled Saxons’, CA Conference Paper, online at https://www.academia.edu/1804521/The_Case_of_the_Strangled_Saxons_CA_Conference_paper_2012
Molloy (2007): B. Molloy (ed.), The Cutting Edge: Studies in Ancient and Medieval Combat (Stroud, 2007)
Momigliano (1971): A. Momigliano, ‘Popular religious beliefs and the late Roman historians’, Studies in Church History 8 (1971), 1–18
Moog, and Karenberg (2003): F.P. Moog, and A. Karenberg, ‘Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator’s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine’, Journal of the History of Neurosciences 12.2 (2003), 137–43
Morrison, Coates, and Rankov (2000): J.S. Morrison, J.F. Coates, and N.B. Rankov The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship (2nd ed., Cambridge, 2000)
Musurillo (1972): H. Musurillo, The Acts of the Christian Martyrs: Introduction, Texts, and Translations (Oxford, 1972)
Neubauer et al. (2014): W. Neubauer, C. Gugl, M. Scholz, G. Verhoeven, I. Trinks, K. Löcker, M. Doneus, T. Saey, and M. van Meirvenne, ‘The discovery of the school of gladiators at Carnuntum, Austria’, Antiquity 88 (2014), 173–90
Nibley (1945): H. Nibley, ‘Sparsiones’, CJ 40.9 (1945), 515–43
Nicolet (1980): C. Nicolet, The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome (Eng. tr., London, 1980)
Nissin (2015): L. Nissin, ‘Sleeping Culture in Roman Literary Sources’, Arctos 49 (2015), 95–133
Nixey (2024): C. Nixey, Heresy: Jesus Christ and the Other Sons of God (London, 2024)
North (1990): J.A. North, ‘Democratic politics in Republican Rome’, P&P 126 (1990), 3–21 (republished in Osborne [2004], 140–58)
Nuño, Esquerra, and Woolf (2021): A.A. Nuño, J.A. Esquerra, and G. Woolf (eds.), Sensorium: The Senses in Roman Polytheism (Leiden, and Boston, Mass., 2021)
Oakley (1985): S.P. Oakley, ‘Single Combat in the Roman Republic’, CQ 79.2 (1985), 392–410
Ogden (2008): D. Ogden, Night’s Black Agents: Witches, Wizards and the Dead in the Ancient World (London, and New York, 2008)
Oliver, and Palmer (1955): J.H. Oliver, and R.E.A. Palmer, ‘Minutes of an Act of the Roman Senate’, Hesperia 24.4 (1955), 320–49
Olshanetsky (2023): H. Olshanetsky, ‘Were there Jewish Gladiators? A re-evaluation of the available archaeological and textual evidence’, Atiquot, the Science of Ancient Warfare and Defense 111 (2023), 119–48
Osborne (2004): R. Osborne (ed.), Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society (Cambridge, 2004)
Osgood (2022): J. Osgood, Uncommon Wrath: How Caesar and Cato’s Deadly Rivalry destroyed the Roman Republic (Oxford, 2022)
Paule (2024): M. Paule, ‘Blood, Sweat, and Sex: A Note on the Erotic Power of Gladiator Sweat’, Preternature 13.2 (2024), 227–36
Pelling (1988): C.B.R. Pelling, Plutarch: Life of Antony (Cambridge, 1988)
Pelling (1997): C.B.R. Pelling, ‘Tragical Dreamer: Some Dreams in the Roman Historians’, GR 44.2 (1997), 197–212
Peyrefitte (1989): A. Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilisations: The British Expedition to China in 1792–4 (Eng. tr., London, 1989)
Plass (1995): P. Plass, The Game of Death in Ancient Rome: Arena Sport and Political Suicide (Madison, Wisc., 1995)
Potter (2010): D.S. Potter, ‘Entertainers in the Roman Empire’, in: Potter, and Mattingly (2010), 280–349
Potter (2010)A: D.S. Potter, ‘Appendix: Two Documents Illustrating the Imperial Control of Public Entertainments’, in: Potter, and Mattingly (2010), 351–71
Potter (2010)B: D.S. Potter, ‘Constantine and the Gladiators’, CQ 60.2 (2010), 596–606
Potter (2011): D.S. Potter, The Victor’s Crown: A History of Ancient Sport from Homer to Byzantium (London, 2011)
Potter (2021): D.S. Potter, ‘Roman Games and Spectacle: Christian Identity and the Arena’, in: Scanlon, and Futrell (2021), 182–93
Potter, and Mattingly (2010): D.S. Potter, and D.J. Mattingly (eds.), Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (2nd ed., Ann Arbor, 2010)
Price (1984): S.R.F. Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984)
Price (1986): S.R.F. Price, ‘The Future of Dreams: From Freud to Artemidorus’, P&P 113 (1986), 3–37 (republished and revised in Osborne [2004], 226–59)
Rawlings (2007/9): L. Rawlings, ‘Hannibal the cannibal? Polybius on Barcid atrocities’, Cardiff Historical Papers: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/3875/
Rawson (1987): E. Rawson, ‘Discrimina Ordinum: The lex Julia theatricalis’, PBSR 55 (1987), 83–114
Rawson (1989): E. Rawson, ‘Roman Rulers and the Philosophic Advisor’, in: Griffin, and Barnes (1989), 233–57
Rea (2016): J.A. Rea, ‘Transforming civic space into sacred space in the “Passio” of Perpetua and Felicitas’, The Classical Outlook 91, No.2 (20160, 46–50
Rendina (2022): S. Rendina, ‘A Proconsul’s Black Humour: Arrius Antoninus and his Culture in Tertullian’s Ad Scapulam’, Rivista Storica dell’ Antichitá 52 (2022), 209–16
Rich, and Shipley (1993): J. Rich, and G. Shipley (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World (London, and New York, 1993)
Richardson (1992): L. Richardson, A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Baltimore, and London, 1992)
Riggsby (1997): A.M. Riggsby, ‘“Public” and “Private” in Roman culture: the case of the cubiculum’, JRA 10 (1997), 36–56
Rives (1995): J. Rives, ‘Human Sacrifice among Pagans and Christians’, JRS 85 (1995), 65–85
Rives (1999): J. Rives, Tacitus: Germania (Oxford, 1999)
Robert (1940): L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec (Paris, 1940)
Robert (1950): L. Robert, ‘Monuments de gladiateurs’, Hellenica 8 (1950), 39–72
Romm (2014): J. Romm, Dying Every Day: Seneca at the Court of Nero (New York, 2014)
Rose (2005): P. Rose, ‘Spectators and Spectator Comfort in Roman Entertainment Buildings: A Study in Functional Design’, PBSR 73 (2005), 99–130
Rosen, and Sluiter (2010): R.M. Rosen, and I. Sluiter (eds.), Valuing Others (Leiden, 2010)
Roth (2017): J.P. Roth, ‘Marcus Aurelius and Europe, c.165-80’, in: Whitby, and Sidebottom (2017), 1030–3
Roueché (1984): C. Roueché, ‘Acclamations in the Later Roman Empire: New Evidence from Aphrodisias’, JRS 74 (1984), 181–99
Rutledge (2001): S.H. Rutledge, Imperial Inquisitions: Prosecutors and Informants from Tiberius to Domitian (London, and New York, 2001)
Sabin, van Wees, and Whitby (2007): P. Sabin, H. van Wees, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman warfare: Volume II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire (Cambridge, 2007)
Sacks (1990): K. Sacks, Diodorus Siculus and the First Century (Princeton, 1990)
de Ste Croix (1974): G.E.M. de Ste Croix, ‘Why were the early Christians persecuted?’, in: Finley (1974), 210–49
Salmon, and Shipley (1996): J. Salmon, and G. Shipley (eds.), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture (London, and New York, 1996)
Salzman, and Roberts (2011): M.R. Salzman, and M.J. Roberts, The Letters of Symmachus. Book 1 (Atlanta, 2011)
Saul (1986): N. Saul, Scenes from a Provincial Life: Knightly Families in Sussex, 1280–1400 (Oxford, 1986)
Scanlon, and Futrell (2021): T.F. Scanlon, and A. Futrell (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World (Oxford, 2021)
Scarborough (1971): J. Scarborough, ‘Galen and the Gladiators’, Episteme 2 (1971), 98–111
Schmeling (2011): G. Schmeling, A Commentary on The Satyrica of Petronius (Oxford, 2011)
Schmitz (1997): T. Schmitz, Bildung und Macht: zur sozialen und politischen Funktion der zweiten Sophistik in der greichischen Welt der Kaiserzeit (Munich, 1997)
Scioli, and Walde (2010): E. Scioli, and C. Walde (eds.), Sub imagine somni: Nighttime phenomena in Greco-Roman culture (Pisa, 2010)
Scobie (1986): A. Scobie, ‘Slums, Sanitation, and Mortality in the Roman World’, Klio 68 (1986), 399–433
Scobie (1988): A. Scobie, ‘Spectator Security and Comfort at the Gladiatorial Games’, Nikephoros 1 (1988), 191–243
Sharland (2005): S. Sharland, ‘Saturnalian Satire: Proto-carnivalesque reversals and inversions in Horace, “Satire” 2.7’, Acta Classica 48 (2005), 103–20
Shaw (1993): B.D. Shaw, ‘The Passion of Perpetua’, Past & Present 139 (1993), 3–45
Shaw (2001): B.D. Shaw, Spartacus and the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, and New York, 2001)
Sherwin-White (1967): A.N. Sherwin-White, Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome (Cambridge, 1967)
Sidebottom (1990): H. Sidebottom, Studies in Dio Chrysostom On Kingship (DPhil thesis, Oxford, 1990)
Sidebottom (1993): H. Sidebottom, ‘Philosophers’ attitudes to warfare under the principate’, in: Rich, and Shipley (1993), 241–64
Sidebottom (1996): H. Sidebottom, ‘Dio of Prusa and the Flavian Dynasty’, CQ 46.2 (1996), 447–56
Sidebottom (1998): H. Sidebottom, ‘Herodian’s Historical Methods and Understanding of History’, ANRW II.34.4 (1989), 2775–836
Sidebottom (2004): H. Sidebottom, Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2004)
Sidebottom (2005): H. Sidebottom, ‘Roman Imperialism: The Changed Outward Trajectory of the Roman Empire’, Historia 54.3 (2005), 315–30












