Men at Work, page 34
on immigrant workers, 82–83
on ironworkers, 21–22, 31–36, 39–41, 43, 76, 118, 165, 200, 201–2, 203, 204–7, 205, 210–12, 214
on wreckers, 84–85
pride, 109, 185
Hine on, 139, 264
Ludlow, W., on, 111, 119
national, 9
Starrett, W., on, 104–5
of workmen, 109, 115, 117–21, 158
Progressive movement, 23, 72–75
Prohibition era, 71
publicity office, Empire State Inc. (Publicity Associates), 34, 38–39, 44–45, 67, 161, 241–42
Hine and, 69–70, 75–76, 196
Moskowitz, B., as director of, 71, 74–76, 163–64
public record, 21, 27, 50, 57–58, 80, 88–89, 91
Putnam Valley, New York, 59
Queen Mary (ship), 178
Queens, New York City, 95–96, 168
racial stereotypes, 35–37, 201
racism, racial prejudice and, 36, 49, 177–78, 268
railroad clerks, 62
“The Railroaders” (work portrait series), 74
Rasenberger, Jim, 18–19, 70, 240, 266
Raskob, John Jakob, 2, 12, 69, 160, 242, 267
Recognition of Craftsmanship (Ludlow, W.), 110–11, 117
Red Cross, 73, 136, 196
religion, 71, 184
reservations, Native American, 37
respect, 137, 139, 201
mutual, 215–16
for photographic subjects, 140, 149–50
of Smith, A., for workers, 99, 157
Richard and Ronay Menschel Library
The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram (newspaper), 80
Ricketts, Dave, 21
“Riding the Girders” (Norris, Ueland), 35–36, 204
rights, worker, 18–19, 70
Riverside Church, 110
rock drillers, 7, 8, 48, 52–57, 54, 55
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 110
Rockefeller Center, 13
Rockhold, Paul “Whitey,” 118, 120, 252–53
Rodchenko, Alexandr, 198
Roma (ship), 178
roofers, 8, 190, 275
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 87
Rosenblum, Nina, 214–17, 238, 250, 269
Ross, Leo, 85
Rusciani, Giuseppe, 8, 77, 89, 92, 93, 94–95, 154, 155
Russell, Carl Percy, 21–22, 200, 201–2
Russian workers, 80–88, 81, 126–27
Ryerson, “Slook” or “Sluke” (possibly Burt Ryersen), 217, 219, 270–71
“Safer than a ride in a Pullman,” 219
Sahame, Louis, Jr., 8
Sailfish, USS, 212
Samaria, SS, 175
Sampsell-Willmann, Kate, 25, 55, 136, 149, 198, 251, 261, 266
Santoni, Gino, 8, 190, 277
The Saturday Evening Post (newspaper), 204
Saxonia (ship), 53
Scanlon, Owen, 8, 173–76, 174, 175
Schleier, Merrill, 193
School of Ethical Culture (Ethical Culture School), 72–73, 137–38, 142
School of Social Work, Columbia, 73
Schrechovich, Charlton/Charlson, 81
Schwab, Charles M., 160
Scottish workers, 50, 95–96
scrapbooks, Empire State Inc., 34–35, 76, 128, 239, 245–46, 248
Seabrook, William, 82, 84
self-portraits, Hine photography as, 198, 261
Sexton, Charles E., 7, 8, 48, 59–62, 60, 61, 89, 155
Sexton, Eugene, 59
Shane, Louis, Jr., 8, 190, 277
sheet metal workers, 7, 8, 77, 79, 79–80, 117, 123
Shreve, John, 69
Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon (architectural firm), 12–13, 15, 162, 173, 253–54
Shreve, Richmond Harold, 12–13, 69, 102, 262
“Sidelights of New York” (Swan), 31
signal workers, elevator, 167
Silverman, Frank, 86
The Sky Boy, 4, 5, 10, 23, 206 244, 222, 223, 264–65
McCarthy, R., as possible subject, 224–26, 225
The Skyscraper in American Art (Schleier), 193
Skyscraper Museum, 128, 217, 239, 245
skyscrapers, 1–2, 13, 32, 37. See also specific skyscrapers
symbolism and, 31, 99–100, 206, 224–26, 237, 241
Skyscrapers and the Men Who Build Them (Starret, W.), 13, 103, 242
Sleepless in Seattle (film), 9
Smith, Alfred E., 12, 15, 43–44, 64, 118, 151, 158–59, 242
cats attributed to, 16, 17, 254–55
on Empire State Building opening day, 97–99, 105
as former Governor, 99, 105, 107, 152, 157, 199, 243, 263
Hine photos displayed by, 193–94, 198–99
Moskowitz, B., and, 70–71, 196
pictured with workers, 76, 78, 89
presidential run by, 70–71, 157, 244, 276
on union labor, 86–87
Smith, Clifford, 8, 190, 278
snapshots, photography as, 22, 27, 50, 140, 201
social hierarchies, 35, 111
social reform, 71–74, 139, 163, 261
Social Security, 52
social uplift, 136, 139, 141, 263
social work, 70, 72–73, 136, 163
Society for Ethical Culture, 72
sociological photography, 73, 75, 135–39, 141, 163, 263
sociology, 71–73, 136–37, 141, 144–47, 199, 262–63
Soulmaker (Nemerov), 224
South America, 202
Soviet Union, 32
Sparling, Earl, 41, 43–45, 75
spirit
American, 3, 22, 27, 100, 225
human, 136, 141, 145–46, 199, 214, 225
Squalus, USS, 212
standardization, 50, 102
Starrett, Paul, 13, 86, 242
Starrett, William A., 9, 13, 17–18, 103–5, 110–11, 113, 153, 242
Starrett Bros. and Eken (Starrett Corporation), 14–15, 17–19, 85–88, 113, 217, 239, 245, 273
Starrett’s Notebook, 14–15, 84, 128, 239, 245–46, 248–49, 251, 268. See also Building the Empire State (Willis)
Daily Job Report, 15, 17, 167, 275
on worker deaths, 19–20, 271–72
State Hospital for the Insane (Islip, Long Island), 64
State Labor Department, New York, 85
State Normal School, Wisconsin, 72
steamfitters, 8, 53, 164–67, 165, 190, 276–77
steam shovel operators, 7, 8, 123–26, 124, 125
steel framework, 35, 53, 100
steelwork, steelworkers and, 1, 3, 83, 87, 201, 217, 256–58, 262. See also ironworkers
for the Empire State mooring mast, 134, 159, 270
structural, 220
unemployment for, 160
Steinhilber, Walter, 18
stenographers, 17, 33
stereotypes, 32–33
caricatures and, 35, 57, 155
cultural, 31, 37
ethnic, 82
racial, 35–37
Stickley, Gustav, 73, 137
stock market crash (1929), 53, 83, 88
stonecutters, 7, 8, 77, 89, 94, 95, 95–96
stone setters, 7, 8, 48, 56, 57, 57–58, 102
strikes, labor, 83–87
structural engineers, 13, 69, 242–43
Structural Gypsum Corporation, 186
Structural Steel Board of Trade, New York, 86–87, 273
structural trades, 152, 161–62, 217, 246
Stryker, Roy, 141, 196–97
subcontractors, 14–15, 106, 171, 173, 212, 253–54
nonunion, 86
publicity office and, 164
subjects, photography, 23–24, 135, 140–44. See also identification, worker
eye contact and, 147–48, 148, 150, 265–66
interiority of, 144, 147, 149–50
of The Sky Boy, 224–26, 225
suicide, 20, 271, 274–75
Sullivan, Frank, 19, 271–73
Sunday Express (newspaper), 118
superintendents, 15, 36, 59, 72
The Survey (journal), 71–72
The Survey Graphic (journal), 74, 134–36, 142, 163, 194, 196, 259–60, 263
Swan, Gilbert, 31, 33–34, 248
Swedish workers, 35–36
symbolism, 2–3, 5, 9–10, 66–67, 114, 147, 149, 198–99
of Craftsmanship Awards, 152–53, 156–59
documentary photography and, 24–25, 27
Empire State opening day, 97–99
ironworkers and, 22, 24, 32, 163
skyscrapers and, 31, 99–100, 206, 224–26, 237, 241
social class and, 37–38
of unknown workers, 55–57
sympathetic views, of Hine, 23, 145–46, 158, 193, 198
tallest skyscraper, Empire State Building as world’s, 1–3, 7, 9, 12–13, 21, 24, 34
Griffiths on, 118
Smith, A., overseeing, 152
sociological photography and, 135
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, 105, 238, 267
Tauranac, John, 18–19, 240, 247, 262
Teachers College, Columbia University, 59
Tedeschi, Giuseppi, 19, 271
telegraphy, 35, 39, 256
Tennessee Valley Authority, 144–45, 196
terrazzo workers, 7, 8, 176, 176–81, 177, 187, 188, 189
Texas Shipbuilding Co., 81
Third Avenue Elevated (subway line), 63–64
Thomas, Lowell, 20–21, 40–41, 273
Tierney, Michael, 7, 8, 48, 52–57, 54, 55, 154, 155, 194
tile setters, 8, 190, 275–76
Timekeeping Department, Starrett Bros. and Eken, 14
Tompkins, Karen, 60–61
Trachtenberg, Alan, 17, 261, 265–66
tradesmen, 7, 8, 14, 23–24, 31. See also specific trades
trade unions, 36, 80, 82–88, 104–6, 110, 157, 212, 238. See also specific unions
Traitel Marble Company, 173
“Transportation” (sculpture), 173
tuberculosis, 71
Tunnel and Subway Constructors’ International Union, 113, 157
Turner, Buddy, 213, 215–16, 270
Ueland, Brenda, 35–36, 204
underclass, 139, 145
Underhill, Irving, 70
unemployment, 20, 79, 87, 160, 193–94
Union Inland Terminal, 129–30
unions. See trade unions
United States (US), 206–7. See also census
Army, 94, 168, 276
child labor in, 23, 70, 72–73, 136, 140–41, 163, 261–62
citizenship, 50, 80, 96, 126, 127, 175, 178, 202
Department of Labor, 211
Great Depression, 2–3, 20, 38, 49, 88, 170, 178
Machine Age, 23, 49, 103, 146
Marines, 168
Navy, 80, 278
1929 stock market crash, 53, 83, 88
Progressive movement, 23, 72–75
Prohibition era, 71
Social Security Death Index, 189, 212
unemployment, 20, 79, 87, 160, 193–94
United States Steel, 86
unknown workers, Empire State Building. See anonymous workers, Empire State Building unidentified and
Up from the City Streets (Moskowitz, H.), 72
upper class, 38, 119, 121, 178
Urbach, Emilie, 59–60
US. See United States
ventilation workers, 164, 246
Vescovi, Antonio, 188–89
Vescovi, Jim, 188–89
Vescovi, Pietro, 8, 177, 187, 188, 189
virility, 22, 135, 146–47
virtue, American, 25, 135, 197, 210
visibility, 18, 22, 27–28, 162
Von Steuben, USS, 80
wages, 83–84, 86–88, 92, 119
hourly, 13, 53, 58, 85
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 36, 58, 83–86
Walsh, Thomas F., 112, 122, 123, 249–52
hoist engineering by, 8, 77, 88–89, 89, 90, 91–92
What Is a Good Craftsman? (Ludlow, W.), 114
Whitney-Dierks Heating Corporation, 167
“Who Is the Craftsman?” (Heaton), 59
William Bradley & Son Inc., 173
Willis, Carol, 14–15, 83, 239, 241
Wilson, Edmund, 38–39
winter layoffs, 106
Wisconsin, 72
women, 17, 20–21, 58, 268
politics and, 70–73
Wood, Violet, 95–96
Woolworth, Frank W., 70
Woolworth Building, 1–2 , 35, 254
workers, Empire State Building. See specific topics
working class, 23, 59, 120, 130–31, 210
Hine documenting the lives of, 140, 145, 163
press on, 37–38
women, 58
World War I, 73, 80, 94, 106, 277–78
World War II, 2, 24–25, 168, 202, 278
wreckers, 7, 8, 77, 80–88, 81, 89, 154, 155
Young Wings (magazine), 134–35, 145–46, 260
Youtz, Philip N., 9
Zismer, Gustav, 84
GLENN KURTZ is the author of Three Minutes in Poland: Discovering a Lost World in a 1938 Family Film (FSG, 2014), which was named a “Best Book of 2014” by The New Yorker, The Boston Globe, and National Public Radio. Based on his book, the documentary film, Three Minutes: A Lengthening, was directed by Bianca Stigter, co-produced by Steve McQueen, and narrated by Helena Bonham Carter. After premiering at the Venice Film Festival in 2021, the film was named an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival and received the inaugural Yad Vashem Award for Outstanding Holocaust Documentary. Kurtz is also the author of Practicing: A Musician’s Return to Music (Knopf, 2007) and the recipient of a 2016-2017 Guggenheim Fellowship. A native New Yorker, he lives with his family in San Francisco.
Glenn Kurtz, Men at Work
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on ironworkers, 21–22, 31–36, 39–41, 43, 76, 118, 165, 200, 201–2, 203, 204–7, 205, 210–12, 214
on wreckers, 84–85
pride, 109, 185
Hine on, 139, 264
Ludlow, W., on, 111, 119
national, 9
Starrett, W., on, 104–5
of workmen, 109, 115, 117–21, 158
Progressive movement, 23, 72–75
Prohibition era, 71
publicity office, Empire State Inc. (Publicity Associates), 34, 38–39, 44–45, 67, 161, 241–42
Hine and, 69–70, 75–76, 196
Moskowitz, B., as director of, 71, 74–76, 163–64
public record, 21, 27, 50, 57–58, 80, 88–89, 91
Putnam Valley, New York, 59
Queen Mary (ship), 178
Queens, New York City, 95–96, 168
racial stereotypes, 35–37, 201
racism, racial prejudice and, 36, 49, 177–78, 268
railroad clerks, 62
“The Railroaders” (work portrait series), 74
Rasenberger, Jim, 18–19, 70, 240, 266
Raskob, John Jakob, 2, 12, 69, 160, 242, 267
Recognition of Craftsmanship (Ludlow, W.), 110–11, 117
Red Cross, 73, 136, 196
religion, 71, 184
reservations, Native American, 37
respect, 137, 139, 201
mutual, 215–16
for photographic subjects, 140, 149–50
of Smith, A., for workers, 99, 157
Richard and Ronay Menschel Library
The Richmond Palladium and Sun-Telegram (newspaper), 80
Ricketts, Dave, 21
“Riding the Girders” (Norris, Ueland), 35–36, 204
rights, worker, 18–19, 70
Riverside Church, 110
rock drillers, 7, 8, 48, 52–57, 54, 55
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 110
Rockefeller Center, 13
Rockhold, Paul “Whitey,” 118, 120, 252–53
Rodchenko, Alexandr, 198
Roma (ship), 178
roofers, 8, 190, 275
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 87
Rosenblum, Nina, 214–17, 238, 250, 269
Ross, Leo, 85
Rusciani, Giuseppe, 8, 77, 89, 92, 93, 94–95, 154, 155
Russell, Carl Percy, 21–22, 200, 201–2
Russian workers, 80–88, 81, 126–27
Ryerson, “Slook” or “Sluke” (possibly Burt Ryersen), 217, 219, 270–71
“Safer than a ride in a Pullman,” 219
Sahame, Louis, Jr., 8
Sailfish, USS, 212
Samaria, SS, 175
Sampsell-Willmann, Kate, 25, 55, 136, 149, 198, 251, 261, 266
Santoni, Gino, 8, 190, 277
The Saturday Evening Post (newspaper), 204
Saxonia (ship), 53
Scanlon, Owen, 8, 173–76, 174, 175
Schleier, Merrill, 193
School of Ethical Culture (Ethical Culture School), 72–73, 137–38, 142
School of Social Work, Columbia, 73
Schrechovich, Charlton/Charlson, 81
Schwab, Charles M., 160
Scottish workers, 50, 95–96
scrapbooks, Empire State Inc., 34–35, 76, 128, 239, 245–46, 248
Seabrook, William, 82, 84
self-portraits, Hine photography as, 198, 261
Sexton, Charles E., 7, 8, 48, 59–62, 60, 61, 89, 155
Sexton, Eugene, 59
Shane, Louis, Jr., 8, 190, 277
sheet metal workers, 7, 8, 77, 79, 79–80, 117, 123
Shreve, John, 69
Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon (architectural firm), 12–13, 15, 162, 173, 253–54
Shreve, Richmond Harold, 12–13, 69, 102, 262
“Sidelights of New York” (Swan), 31
signal workers, elevator, 167
Silverman, Frank, 86
The Sky Boy, 4, 5, 10, 23, 206 244, 222, 223, 264–65
McCarthy, R., as possible subject, 224–26, 225
The Skyscraper in American Art (Schleier), 193
Skyscraper Museum, 128, 217, 239, 245
skyscrapers, 1–2, 13, 32, 37. See also specific skyscrapers
symbolism and, 31, 99–100, 206, 224–26, 237, 241
Skyscrapers and the Men Who Build Them (Starret, W.), 13, 103, 242
Sleepless in Seattle (film), 9
Smith, Alfred E., 12, 15, 43–44, 64, 118, 151, 158–59, 242
cats attributed to, 16, 17, 254–55
on Empire State Building opening day, 97–99, 105
as former Governor, 99, 105, 107, 152, 157, 199, 243, 263
Hine photos displayed by, 193–94, 198–99
Moskowitz, B., and, 70–71, 196
pictured with workers, 76, 78, 89
presidential run by, 70–71, 157, 244, 276
on union labor, 86–87
Smith, Clifford, 8, 190, 278
snapshots, photography as, 22, 27, 50, 140, 201
social hierarchies, 35, 111
social reform, 71–74, 139, 163, 261
Social Security, 52
social uplift, 136, 139, 141, 263
social work, 70, 72–73, 136, 163
Society for Ethical Culture, 72
sociological photography, 73, 75, 135–39, 141, 163, 263
sociology, 71–73, 136–37, 141, 144–47, 199, 262–63
Soulmaker (Nemerov), 224
South America, 202
Soviet Union, 32
Sparling, Earl, 41, 43–45, 75
spirit
American, 3, 22, 27, 100, 225
human, 136, 141, 145–46, 199, 214, 225
Squalus, USS, 212
standardization, 50, 102
Starrett, Paul, 13, 86, 242
Starrett, William A., 9, 13, 17–18, 103–5, 110–11, 113, 153, 242
Starrett Bros. and Eken (Starrett Corporation), 14–15, 17–19, 85–88, 113, 217, 239, 245, 273
Starrett’s Notebook, 14–15, 84, 128, 239, 245–46, 248–49, 251, 268. See also Building the Empire State (Willis)
Daily Job Report, 15, 17, 167, 275
on worker deaths, 19–20, 271–72
State Hospital for the Insane (Islip, Long Island), 64
State Labor Department, New York, 85
State Normal School, Wisconsin, 72
steamfitters, 8, 53, 164–67, 165, 190, 276–77
steam shovel operators, 7, 8, 123–26, 124, 125
steel framework, 35, 53, 100
steelwork, steelworkers and, 1, 3, 83, 87, 201, 217, 256–58, 262. See also ironworkers
for the Empire State mooring mast, 134, 159, 270
structural, 220
unemployment for, 160
Steinhilber, Walter, 18
stenographers, 17, 33
stereotypes, 32–33
caricatures and, 35, 57, 155
cultural, 31, 37
ethnic, 82
racial, 35–37
Stickley, Gustav, 73, 137
stock market crash (1929), 53, 83, 88
stonecutters, 7, 8, 77, 89, 94, 95, 95–96
stone setters, 7, 8, 48, 56, 57, 57–58, 102
strikes, labor, 83–87
structural engineers, 13, 69, 242–43
Structural Gypsum Corporation, 186
Structural Steel Board of Trade, New York, 86–87, 273
structural trades, 152, 161–62, 217, 246
Stryker, Roy, 141, 196–97
subcontractors, 14–15, 106, 171, 173, 212, 253–54
nonunion, 86
publicity office and, 164
subjects, photography, 23–24, 135, 140–44. See also identification, worker
eye contact and, 147–48, 148, 150, 265–66
interiority of, 144, 147, 149–50
of The Sky Boy, 224–26, 225
suicide, 20, 271, 274–75
Sullivan, Frank, 19, 271–73
Sunday Express (newspaper), 118
superintendents, 15, 36, 59, 72
The Survey (journal), 71–72
The Survey Graphic (journal), 74, 134–36, 142, 163, 194, 196, 259–60, 263
Swan, Gilbert, 31, 33–34, 248
Swedish workers, 35–36
symbolism, 2–3, 5, 9–10, 66–67, 114, 147, 149, 198–99
of Craftsmanship Awards, 152–53, 156–59
documentary photography and, 24–25, 27
Empire State opening day, 97–99
ironworkers and, 22, 24, 32, 163
skyscrapers and, 31, 99–100, 206, 224–26, 237, 241
social class and, 37–38
of unknown workers, 55–57
sympathetic views, of Hine, 23, 145–46, 158, 193, 198
tallest skyscraper, Empire State Building as world’s, 1–3, 7, 9, 12–13, 21, 24, 34
Griffiths on, 118
Smith, A., overseeing, 152
sociological photography and, 135
Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, 105, 238, 267
Tauranac, John, 18–19, 240, 247, 262
Teachers College, Columbia University, 59
Tedeschi, Giuseppi, 19, 271
telegraphy, 35, 39, 256
Tennessee Valley Authority, 144–45, 196
terrazzo workers, 7, 8, 176, 176–81, 177, 187, 188, 189
Texas Shipbuilding Co., 81
Third Avenue Elevated (subway line), 63–64
Thomas, Lowell, 20–21, 40–41, 273
Tierney, Michael, 7, 8, 48, 52–57, 54, 55, 154, 155, 194
tile setters, 8, 190, 275–76
Timekeeping Department, Starrett Bros. and Eken, 14
Tompkins, Karen, 60–61
Trachtenberg, Alan, 17, 261, 265–66
tradesmen, 7, 8, 14, 23–24, 31. See also specific trades
trade unions, 36, 80, 82–88, 104–6, 110, 157, 212, 238. See also specific unions
Traitel Marble Company, 173
“Transportation” (sculpture), 173
tuberculosis, 71
Tunnel and Subway Constructors’ International Union, 113, 157
Turner, Buddy, 213, 215–16, 270
Ueland, Brenda, 35–36, 204
underclass, 139, 145
Underhill, Irving, 70
unemployment, 20, 79, 87, 160, 193–94
Union Inland Terminal, 129–30
unions. See trade unions
United States (US), 206–7. See also census
Army, 94, 168, 276
child labor in, 23, 70, 72–73, 136, 140–41, 163, 261–62
citizenship, 50, 80, 96, 126, 127, 175, 178, 202
Department of Labor, 211
Great Depression, 2–3, 20, 38, 49, 88, 170, 178
Machine Age, 23, 49, 103, 146
Marines, 168
Navy, 80, 278
1929 stock market crash, 53, 83, 88
Progressive movement, 23, 72–75
Prohibition era, 71
Social Security Death Index, 189, 212
unemployment, 20, 79, 87, 160, 193–94
United States Steel, 86
unknown workers, Empire State Building. See anonymous workers, Empire State Building unidentified and
Up from the City Streets (Moskowitz, H.), 72
upper class, 38, 119, 121, 178
Urbach, Emilie, 59–60
US. See United States
ventilation workers, 164, 246
Vescovi, Antonio, 188–89
Vescovi, Jim, 188–89
Vescovi, Pietro, 8, 177, 187, 188, 189
virility, 22, 135, 146–47
virtue, American, 25, 135, 197, 210
visibility, 18, 22, 27–28, 162
Von Steuben, USS, 80
wages, 83–84, 86–88, 92, 119
hourly, 13, 53, 58, 85
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, 36, 58, 83–86
Walsh, Thomas F., 112, 122, 123, 249–52
hoist engineering by, 8, 77, 88–89, 89, 90, 91–92
What Is a Good Craftsman? (Ludlow, W.), 114
Whitney-Dierks Heating Corporation, 167
“Who Is the Craftsman?” (Heaton), 59
William Bradley & Son Inc., 173
Willis, Carol, 14–15, 83, 239, 241
Wilson, Edmund, 38–39
winter layoffs, 106
Wisconsin, 72
women, 17, 20–21, 58, 268
politics and, 70–73
Wood, Violet, 95–96
Woolworth, Frank W., 70
Woolworth Building, 1–2 , 35, 254
workers, Empire State Building. See specific topics
working class, 23, 59, 120, 130–31, 210
Hine documenting the lives of, 140, 145, 163
press on, 37–38
women, 58
World War I, 73, 80, 94, 106, 277–78
World War II, 2, 24–25, 168, 202, 278
wreckers, 7, 8, 77, 80–88, 81, 89, 154, 155
Young Wings (magazine), 134–35, 145–46, 260
Youtz, Philip N., 9
Zismer, Gustav, 84
GLENN KURTZ is the author of Three Minutes in Poland: Discovering a Lost World in a 1938 Family Film (FSG, 2014), which was named a “Best Book of 2014” by The New Yorker, The Boston Globe, and National Public Radio. Based on his book, the documentary film, Three Minutes: A Lengthening, was directed by Bianca Stigter, co-produced by Steve McQueen, and narrated by Helena Bonham Carter. After premiering at the Venice Film Festival in 2021, the film was named an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival and received the inaugural Yad Vashem Award for Outstanding Holocaust Documentary. Kurtz is also the author of Practicing: A Musician’s Return to Music (Knopf, 2007) and the recipient of a 2016-2017 Guggenheim Fellowship. A native New Yorker, he lives with his family in San Francisco.
Glenn Kurtz, Men at Work
