Men at Work, page 33
distortion of, 123–24
Empire Statements confirming, 76, 77, 79–80, 88, 92, 123
generalizations and, 31, 39–40, 56–57, 66–67
race and, 35–38
of The Sky Boy, 224–26, 225
suppression of, 24, 135, 142, 258
imagination, 1, 27, 59
immigration, immigrants and, 20, 23, 35–36, 64, 73–74, 163, 186, 277
German, 59, 71, 129
Irish, 52–53, 58, 62, 91, 168, 174, 174–75, 175, 205, 220
Italian, 92, 93, 94–95, 120–21, 175, 177, 177–81, 189, 276
Norwegian, 20, 217, 219, 274
prejudices against, 82
Russian, 80–88, 82, 126–27
Scottish, 50, 52, 95–96
income tax, 14
individuality, workers and, 25, 27–29, 34, 249
cultural stereotypes and, 37
erasure of, 117
generalization and, 31, 39–40, 56—57, 66–67
heroic depiction as opposed to, 49
respecting, 149–50
“The Individual vs. the Collective” (Dabakis), 32
industrial production, industrialization and, 23, 100–104, 110, 138, 141, 262, 265
interiority, subject, 144, 147, 149–50
International Association of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamental Iron Workers, 86, 252–53
interpersonal exchanges, photography and, 144–47, 164, 265
interpretive photography, 138–39, 196
interwar period, 83
invisibility, 27, 162
Irish workers and, 35–37, 52–53, 57–58, 168–71, 169, 205, 275
Hummell as, 166
Scanlon as, 174, 174–75, 175
Walsh as, 91
Iron League (subcontractors), 86
Irons, James, 7, 8, 77, 89, 94, 95, 95–96
ironworkers, 19, 160, 202, 215–17, 270
Coons, S., as, 76, 77, 78, 78–79
Gosselin as, 22, 206–7, 208, 209, 210–12, 213, 214
Mohawk, 37
ornamental, 8, 45
photographs of, 23–24, 48, 74–75, 200, 201, 203, 205, 208, 209, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225
press on, 21–22, 31–36, 39–41, 43, 76, 118, 165, 200, 201–2, 203, 204–7, 205, 210–12, 214
The Sky Boy as, 4, 5, 10, 23, 206, 222, 223, 224–26, 225
stereotypes about, 31–33, 35–36
structural, 76, 77, 78
Iron Workers Union, 86–87
Israels, Charles Henry, 71–72
Israels, Josef, II, 70, 75, 263
Italian workers, 35–36, 120–21, 175, 177, 177–81, 189, 276
Rusciani as, 92, 93, 94–95
Jackson, New Jersey, 82
Jackson Heights, Queens, 168
Jacob Volk Company, 85
James, William, 34, 142, 146, 251
Jenkins, Hester Donaldson, 135, 146–47
Johnson, Oscar, 216–17, 218, 219, 221
Johnstone, Will B., 153, 154, 155
joiners. See carpenters
Jones, Arthur, 8, 42, 43–45, 45
Journeyman Stone Masons and Setters Union, 58
Junior Literary Guild, 134–35
Kahnawake Mohawk ironworkers, 37, 211, 268–69
Kahnawake tribe, 37
Kaplan, Daile, 69, 73, 198, 259
Kaufman, Louis G., 12
Kellogg, Arthur P., 71–72, 73–74, 141–42, 259
Kellogg, Florence, 135–36, 138, 145, 147–48
Kellogg, Paul U., 71–72, 134, 194, 196, 259, 263
Kent, Henry W., 196
Kerr, James P., 7, 8, 48, 56, 57, 57–58, 89, 123, 126
Kerr, Patrick J., 58
King, Mary, 57–58
Klein, Frank J., 8, 186, 187
Kozloff, Vladimir (Vladimir Koziol), 7, 8, 77, 80–88, 81, 89
in “The New Who’s Who,” 154, 155
labor practices, 13, 27, 59, 111, 137. See also Certificates of Superior Craftsmanship; wages
child, 23, 70, 72–73, 136, 140–41, 163, 261–62
division of, 103–4
division of labor in, 103–4
Hine addressing, 136–40
hiring and, 14, 18, 85–87, 104
industrialization and, 110
National Child Labor Committee and, 23, 74, 142, 163
New York Building Congress and, 106
overtime labor and, 83
post World War I, 73–74
preindustrial, 109
progressive reforms and, 70
race and, 35–36
strikes addressing, 83–87
worker rights and, 18–19, 70
Laginsky, Samuel, 7, 8, 89, 126, 127
Lamb, William Frederick, 12–13, 101–2
Landmarks Preservation Commission, New York, 3
Langer, Freddy, 25, 27, 198
lathers, 15
metal, 8, 171–72, 172
L.D. Cault Company, 173–74
Lefevre, Mike, 1
Leffert, Joseph, 8, 190, 275–76
Lehman, Herbert, 88, 89
Lewis Hine as Social Critic (Sampsell-Willmann), 55
Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience (Gutman), 47, 259
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company, 128
Lincoln, Gail, 202
Littell, Edmund M., 39–41, 266
lived experiences, 27–28, 117
living memory, 50
lobby, Empire State Building, 5, 6, 9, 19, 97, 173–74
bronze plaque in, 7, 8, 10–11, 19, 27–28, 43–45, 55, 64, 76, 105, 107, 123–24, 151–53, 158–59, 170–71, 181, 198–99
Long Island, New York, 168, 182
Long Island City, New York City, 167, 173
Long Island Expressway, 11–12
Low, Frances, 18
Lower East Side, Manhattan, 71–72, 156–57
Lowman, Sam, 21
Ludlow, James M., 106
Ludlow, William Orr, 106–7, 109–11, 114–15, 117, 119, 136, 139, 141, 150
Committee on Recognition of Craftsmanship chaired by, 267
on symbolism of giving awards, 152
lung cancer, 179
Lusitania (ship), 53
Lynch, C., 17, 268
Machine Age, 23, 49, 103, 146
Maddalena, R., 8, 190, 276
Madden, Daniel, 64
Madden, Joseph F., 65–66
Madden, Peter, Jr., 143, 143–44, 147–50, 158, 265
as an asbestos worker, 7, 8, 61–66, 62, 63, 142, 258
Madden, Peter, Sr., 62
Madison House, 82
managers, 36–37
“Man and the Skyscraper” (Jenkins), 135
Manhattan, New York City, 175–77. See also specific locations
Hell’s Kitchen, 59, 129–30
Lower East Side, 71–72, 156–57
Manhattan Company Building, 2
Manny, Frank, 72–73, 142
“Man on Hoisting Ball, Empire State Building,” 206–7, 208, 209
manual labor, 137
Man with Wrench, 23
marble setters, 8, 173–76, 174, 190, 277–78
Marines, US, 168
Mariutto, Ferruccio, 7, 8, 176, 176–81, 177, 189
Mariutto, Robin, 178–80
Martin Conroy & Sons Inc., 186
Marx, Karl, 103–4
Marx Brothers, 155
masculinity, 32–33, 261
Masey, Paul, 21
Massock, Richard, 35, 246–47
mass production, 107
Mauretania (ship), 276
McCarthy, Andrew, 218, 220, 220–21, 221, 225
McCarthy, Richard “Dick,” 217, 218, 220, 220, 220–21, 221, 270–71
as possible subject of The Sky Boy, 224–26, 225
McCausland, Elizabeth, 197–98
McClain, Harold, 214–17, 218, 221, 250, 264, 269–71
McClain, Romie, 215–16, 218, 221, 250, 264
McGraw-Hill Building, 13
McKean, Joseph, 51, 53
McKean, Matthew M., 8, 48, 50, 51, 52
McManus, James, 64
McSweeney, 8
McWeeney, George, 168–70
McWeeney, Thomas, 168–71, 169
mechanical engineers, 164–66
Mechanic at Steam Pump in Electric Power House, 23
mechanic designation, craftsmanship movement and, 113–14
Melia, Edith Margaret, 166–67
memory
historical, 215, 244
living, 50
“Men and Steel” (Engle), 31
Men at Work (Hine), 23–24, 53–55, 55, 215–17, 248–49, 252, 259–60
as a book for children, 263
questions of identification in, 269–70
text by Hine in, 146–47
Men of Danger (Lowell), 20–21, 40, 273
The Mentor (Hine), 136–38
“Men Wanted” (Littell), 39–40, 266
metal lathers, 8, 171–72, 172
metaphors, 34, 39–40, 100
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 196
Meyer, Henry C., Jr., 164–65
Meyer, Strong & Jones, 164–65
Miani, Anna, 178–80
Miani, Ugolino, 179–80
middle class, 130–31
Milford Chronicle (newspaper), 173–74
Millville, New Jersey, 79
misspelling, of worker names, 152, 167, 212, 248–51, 269
on Empire State Building lobby plaque, 123–24, 155, 166, 277
Mitchell, Joseph, 37
Moeglin, Frank, 7, 8, 77, 79, 79–80, 123
Mohawk ironworkers, 37, 211, 268–69
“The Mohawks in High Steel” (Mitchell), 37, 268
Monkey Business (film), 155
mooring mast, Empire State Building, 6–7, 24, 49, 160, 244, 250, 255–57
elevator for, 167–68
Hine on, 134–35
steelwork for, 134, 159, 270
topping-out gang for, 216, 218
“The Moral Equivalent of War” (James), 146
Moran, William L., 8, 190, 276
Morgan, Anne, 58
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 58
Morison, Roderick, 32
Morris, William, 109
Moskowitz, Belle (Belle Lindner Israels Moskowitz), 17–18, 38–39, 242
Hine and, 72–75, 161, 193, 196, 262–63
Myers and, 163–64
Smith and, 70–71
Moskowitz, Henry, 72, 194
Museum of Modern Art, 24
mutual respect, 215–16
Myers, Hiram. See also photography, by Myers
captions by, 164
death of, 163
Hine compared to, 174
mythic perspectives, mythic scale and, 99, 142, 207, 216, 221, 243–45, 252. See also heroic stature, of workers
ordinary workers and, 28, 49–50, 214
photography and, 25, 27–28, 56–57, 67, 261, 265
mythology, American, 27, 32
names, Americanized worker, 84, 94–95, 127, 186, 189. See also misspelling, of worker names; specific workers
National Archives, 61, 239–40
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 72
National Child Labor Committee, 23, 74, 142, 163
National Society of Craftsmen, 113
Native Americans, 37, 78, 211, 268–69
naturalization, 80, 96, 126, 202
Navy, US, 80, 278
Nemerov, Alexander, 224, 261, 263
Newhall, Beaumont, 24–25, 133–34, 136
New Jersey, 79, 82, 124–25, 129–31
New Masses (journal), 18
The New Republic (magazine), 17–18, 38–39
newspapers, journalism, 17, 20–22, 29, 49–50, 141, 200. See also specific newspapers
archives for, 240
clipping agencies and, 34, 245–46
on craftsmanship, 113–14
on Empire State Craftsmanship Award, 76, 78, 78, 89, 92, 123, 152
on wages, 119
“The New Who’s Who” (Johnstone), 153, 154, 155
New York, New York. See also Manhattan; specific locations
Births Index, 166
Bronx, 63, 91, 127–28, 171–72, 176–78, 180, 204, 275–76
Brooklyn, 37, 59, 78–82, 186, 217, 220, 275–77
Long Island City, 167, 173
Queens, 95–96, 168
State Labor Department, 85
New York Building Congress, 7, 102, 105, 108, 114, 150, 157–58, 237. See also Certificates of Superior Craftsmanship
Committee on Recognition of Craftsmanship, 106–7, 109–10, 113, 117, 267
New York City Births Index, 166
New Yorker (magazine), 9, 37, 71
New York Herald Tribune (newspaper), 152, 256
New York Home News, 204
New York Life Building, 13
New York Photo League, 47–48
New York Public Library (NYPL), 58, 106, 166, 239
New York Society of Craftsmen, 113
New York State
census, 91, 94–96, 129, 166, 168
Hastings-on-Hudson, 69, 197, 262–63
New York Sun (newspaper), 151, 186
New York Times, 3, 35, 85–87, 98, 120, 158, 160–61, 246
on autonomous elevators, 167
Baker, Smith & Co. in, 164
on construction-related worker deaths, 274
on Empire State Building grand opening, 269
Hines photographs displayed by, 193
on Kahnawake Mohawk ironworkers, 268
Kozloff in, 85–86
Mariutto, F., in, 178
on nearby building collapse, 62
on number of Empire State workers, 87
offices of, 106
telegrams and, 256
New York University, 73, 105, 238
New York World (newspaper), 151–52
New York World-Telegram (newspaper), 31
Nieuw Amsterdam, SS, 211
non-union workers, 85–88
Norris, Margaret, 35–37, 118–19, 204, 252
Norweigan workers, 20, 217, 219, 274
nostalgia, 84, 109, 114
“No Timid Man Could Hold This Job” (Fistere), 21–22, 207, 266
nurses, 17, 268
NYPL. See New York Public Library
objectification, 140
obscurity, recognition and, 50, 162, 224, 248–49
observation deck, Empire State Building, 2, 41, 43, 99, 105, 224
O’Connor, John E., 8, 190, 276–77
O’Donnell, Katherine, 63
office building, Empire State Building as, 2, 11–12, 38, 77, 114
Ontario, Canada, 202
opening day, Empire State Building, 97–99, 105, 269
open shop labor hiring, 85–87
ordinary, workmen as, 10–11, 18, 21, 34, 61, 199, 204, 226
Craftsmanship Awards and, 152–53, 155–256
finishing trades considered, 162
mythological depiction, 28, 49–50, 214
portraits of, 74, 150, 199
public record and, 50
transformed into symbols, 22, 66–67
ornamental ironworkers, 8, 45
Otis Elevator Company, 167–68
overtime labor, 83
painters, decorators and, 8, 182–83, 183, 186
Papaleo, Guglielmo (Willie Pep), 96
paternalism, patronizing and, 104, 120, 138–39, 142, 153, 157
Patriot (newspaper), 3
peak, Empire State Building, 48, 134, 159–60, 250. See also mooring mast, Empire State Building
pedagogy, 73, 107, 137–39
Pennsylvania Railroad, 74
Perelman, S. J., 155
Perry, Elisabeth Israels, 70–72
photography. See also captions, photography; subjects, photography
of anonymous workers, 42, 43–45, 184, 190, 191, 192, 275
cropping, 206, 209, 222, 223, 224
documentary, 23–25, 27–28, 56–57, 67
eye contact and, 147–48, 148, 150, 265–66
heroic stature of workers in, 5, 12, 24–25, 67, 74–75, 193, 198, 200, 203, 208, 209, 213, 221
interpersonal exchanges and, 144–47, 164, 265
interpretive, 138–39, 196
of ironworkers, 23–24, 48, 74–75, 200, 201, 203, 205, 208, 209, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225
mythic scale and, 25, 27–28, 56–57, 67, 261, 265
posed subjects, 25, 48, 140, 144, 164, 251–52
respect for subjects in, 140, 149–50
as snapshots, 22, 27, 50, 140, 201
sociological, 73, 75, 135–39, 141, 163, 263
photography, by Hines, 3, 22–25, 28, 159, 241, 249–51, 257–63, 265–66. See also specific archives
captions on, 23, 44, 54–56, 128–29, 141–42, 183, 250–51, 265, 269–70
cropped, 206, 209, 222, 223, 224
on display in the Empire State Building, 193–94, 195, 199
Ellis Island, 23, 73, 140, 149–50, 265–66
handwritten notes on, 26, 27, 44, 48, 147–48, 148, 161, 163, 204, 217, 250–51, 264, 269–71
The Sky Boy, 4, 4, 5, 5, 10, 23, 206, 222, 223, 224–26, 225, 244
social reform and, 72–73
worker identities suppressed by, 24, 135, 142, 258
worker portraits as, 42, 43–45, 48–50, 51, 52–67, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 69–70, 74–76, 77, 90, 91–92, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125–26, 126, 129, 130, 131, 140–41, 161–64, 184, 193, 198, 216–17, 251, 257–62
photography, by Myers, 161, 163–82, 165, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 184, 187, 188
Photo Story (Kaplan), 69
Pierson, Frank W., Jr., 8, 171–72, 172
Pilgrim State Hospital, 64
pipefitters, 23–24, 53, 63
pipe insulators, pipe covering and, 63, 164
plasterers, 8, 186, 187
plumbers, plumbing and, 8, 165–66, 190, 246, 277
The Plumbers and Heating Contractors Trade Journal, 165
Polish workers, 36
Poole, Ernest, 32, 36
Poore, Charles, 120, 246
“Portrait of a Photographer” (McCausland), 197–98
posed subjects, photography, 25, 48, 140, 144, 164, 251–52
Post & McCord, 86, 212
Poughkeepsie Eagle-News (newspaper), 128
poverty, 48–49, 274–75
preindustrial labor, 109
prejudice, 36, 82, 177–78
president run, by Smith, A., 70–71, 157, 244, 276
press, 23–24, 53, 100–101, 109, 243–45. See also newspapers
captions in the, 18, 201, 204
clipping agencies and, 34, 245–46
on Empire State Building opening day, 97–99, 269
on Empire State Craftsmanship Award, 76, 78, 78, 89, 92, 123, 152, 158–59
heroic stature of workers in, 9, 35–36, 103, 200, 201–2, 203, 204, 210, 214
on Hine, 197–98
