Of Fear and Strangers, page 42
People’s Avenger, The (film), 174
Perry, Matthew, 55
Persia, Persians, ancient Greece invaded by, 9, 10
Pétain, Philippe, 116, 202
Peters, Carl, 101, 295
phenomenology, 197, 221
Husserl and, 196–97, 199, 214
Sartre and, 197–202
Philip II, King of Spain, 28
Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies (Raynal), 33
philosophy, 195, 239
philoxenia, philoxenos, 6–7, 8
phobias, xiv, 39–40, 294–95
associational theory of, 135
biology and, 232
heredity theory of, 133–34
national, 42–43
nineteenth-century explosion of, 39–40
see also fear
phobos (fear or dread), 8, 40, 162
linked to xénos, 41, 58
Pillar of Salt, The (Memmi), 208
Pindar, 8
Pinel, Philippe, 39, 65
Pius IX, Pope, 54
Pizarro, Francisco, 23
Plato, 1, 6, 9, 155, 175
Poincaré, Raymond, 109–10
Poland:
EU joined by, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv, 249, 257
post-2008 rise of nationalism in, 257, 262
Solidarity in, 251, 255
in World War II, 115, 121
politics:
as method of dividing “us” from “them,” 32, 66, 113–15, 123, 232, 249, 264
nation-state and, 57, 241, 255, 263
Sartre and, 200, 206–8, 220, 223
Schmitt and, 112–15
see also specific ideologies
Politics (Aristotle), 8
Pol Pot, 248
Popper, Karl, 243, 321
population, global, 3
populists, populism, 255
xenophobic, 257
Portbou, 268
Portrait of the Colonized, Preceded by a Portrait of the Colonizer (Memmi), 208–9
Portugal, Portuguese, 22, 52, 54, 55, 58, 111
power, 201, 236, 238, 252, 258, 306
asymmetrical, of imperialism, xvi, 23–24, 35, 37, 42, 50, 52–53, 56, 56, 70, 80, 87, 91, 99
dictatorial, 254
Foucault’s analysis of, 221, 222–23, 225–27, 244
of Hegelian master and slave, 201
in I/Other relationship, 204, 217–18, 236
of misrepresentation, 247
of modern media, 153–54, 157–59, 167
Schmitt on, 113
of words, 84
of xenophobia, 129
Power, Samantha, 300
Prague Spring, 220
prejudice, 31, 32, 100, 101–2, 107, 151–52, 232, 240, 244–45, 247, 301, 306
Allport on, 174, 233, 244, 308
AJC research series on, 189–94
behaviorism and, 147, 156
nationalist, 15, 43, 97–98
stereotypes and, 156, 162, 174, 247
tolerance and, 34–35
Young-Bruehl on, 244
Prelude to War (film), 168
Presse, La, 49
Princeton Office of Radio Research, 187–88
print journalism, and spread of xenophobia as term, 41
projection, xiv, 175–76, 179–80, 309
as defense, 177–79, 190, 191, 193, 241, 309
as delusion, 176–77
Freud and, 177–79, 182–85, 309
Klein and, 179–81, 309–10
in mass psychology, 184–85
Xenophanes and, 175–76, 309
xenophobia and, 175–76, 241
propaganda, 263
Hitler’s use of, 187
Lippmann and, 152–53, 307
media as tool of, 153–54, 157–58, 167–68
wartime, 169–70
Protestantism, Protestants, 31
Black Legend of Spain and, 31, 33
Thirty Years’ War and, 31
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 88
psychiatry, 177, 221
Fanon and, 209–11, 314
Foucault and, 221–23
Pinel and, 39, 65, 283
proliferation of phobias and, 39-40, 283
xenophobia and, 39–40, 45, 48, 48, 65, 97, 123, 231
psychoanalysis, 180–86, 190, 219, 221, 236, 242
psychology, 132–33, 239
in attempts to understand morbid fear, 132–35
behavioral, see behavioral psychology
developmental, 4
ethnic, 134
evolutionary, 4–5, 134, 147, 181, 217, 275–76
Gestalt, 154–55, 161, 166, 185, 187
group, 181–85
social, 185–86, 233
Psychology of Crowds, The (Le Bon), 182
Psychology of French Colonization in Its Relations with Indigenous Societies (Saussure), 93
Psychology of Jingoism, The (Hobson), 83
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 154, 156–57
Purple Heart, The (film), 172
Putin, Vladimir, 254
Pyrrhus and Cinéas (Beauvoir), 216
Quakers, 32
race, 102, 106
Races of Mankind, The (pamphlet), 169, 170–71, 171
racial science, 65–69, 80, 83, 86, 99–101, 106, 112
racism, 101–2, 104, 109, 148, 296
institutional, 226
in U.S., 140–45, 227, 247, 304, 322
Radical, Le, 278
Raleigh, Walter, 31
Rambaud, Alfred, 116–17
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas “Abbé,” 33–35, 34, 36, 38
Rayner, Rosalie, 136–38
Reagan, Ronald, 251–52, 259, 260
Realistic Conflict Theory, 234
Rebel, The (Camus), 220
Reflections on the Jewish Question (Sartre), 207
refugees, 262–63, 267, 269–70
Armenian, xvi
in Europe, 87–88, 109–10, 257–58
League of Nations and, 109–10, 298
Reich, Nathan, 124, 185
Reich, Wilhelm, 190
Renan, Ernest, 4, 43–45, 44, 91, 168, 238
on definition of nation, 46–47
Renan, Henriette, 44
repression, in defensive projection, 178
Republic (Plato), 9
Republican Party, U.S., 259
Republic of Letters, 282
Requerimiento, 26–28, 37, 280
Restall, Matthew, 280
Reuters, 41, 60
Revolutionary character type, 190, 194, 312
Rhodes, Cecil, 83
Rice, Stuart, 162
Richard, Gaston, 45–46, 94
Ricote (char.), 20, 279
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 163
Rise of David Levinksy, The (Cahan), 167
Robbers Cave experiment, 233–34
Rogan, Eugene, 301
Roget’s Thesaurus, xenophobia in, 40
Rohingya, genocide of, 324
Roman Empire, 11, 13–15, 39
fall of, 52
immigration and, 12–14, 277
Sallust on, 19, 259, 279
Romania, 47, 62, 252
Rome, 45, 209, 212
Janiculum excavation in, 12–16
Rome, ancient, 7, 11, 19, 120, 259
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 301
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 152
Executive Order 9066 of, 168
Roquentin, Antoine (char.), 198
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 176
Royal Anthropological Institute, 107
Royal Colonial Institute, 82
Royal Niger Company, 82
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 63
Royce, Josiah, xiii, 96–97, 106, 163
Rush, Benjamin, 294–95
Russell, Bertrand, 176
Russia, post-Soviet, 253–54
Russia, Tsarist, 109
expansion into China of, 62, 71
pogroms in, 88
see also Soviet Union
Ryle, Gilbert, 176
sadism, 76, 124, 181, 190
of European colonists, 28–29, 79, 82
in overt xenophobia, 241
Sartre on, 201–2, 207
Said, Edward, 236
Saint-Domingue, slave revolt in, 35
Saintours, Jean Martin de, 59–61, 60, 111, 129, 286, 287
xénophobe term coined by, 59, 61
Salamanca, 23, 37
Sallust, 19, 259
Sanford, Nevitt, 190
Santa Maria Tonantzintla church, 281
Santayana, George, 152
Santo Domingo, 25
Sapir, Edward, 170
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 257
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 196, 208, 219, 223, 225, 235, 249
Beauvoir’s relationship with, 196–98, 199, 203, 214
on Being, 199–201
Camus and, 204, 220
existential freedom and, 199, 201–2, 204, 207, 216, 220–21
Fanon and, 211–12
as German prisoner of war, 198–99, 215
on Master and Slave relationship, 200–204
on the Other, 200–202, 206, 216, 313
politics of, 200, 206–8, 220, 223
Saturday Evening Post, 166
Saturday Review (London), 45
Saturday Review (U.S.), 193
Saussure, Léopold de, 93, 310
Saussure, Raymond de, 220
Schmitt, Carl, 112–13, 114, 117
concept of the political formulated by, 113–15, 232
Nazi Party joined by, 115
Schönberg, Arnold, 189
“Schooner’s Flight, The” (Walcott), 229
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 217
Schücking, Walther, 52
Schuyler, George, 167
Science, 104, 107
Scientology, 303
Seal, Brajendranath, 106
Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 217, 218–19, 315–16
Secret Agent, The (Conrad), 90
secularism, secularists, 41, 177, 226, 256, 259, 263
Adler and, see Adler, Felix
Enlightenment and, 33, 35, 240
science and, 66
Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S., 260
Seneca, 11
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 28, 29
Serbia-Montenegro, 254
Shandong Province, 55–56
She (Haggard), 64
She Came to Stay (Beauvoir), 215, 216
Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 59
Sheik, The (film), 160
Sherif, Muzafer, 233–34, 234
Shia Muslims, in Lebanon, xxi
Shoah, see Holocaust
Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, A (Las Casas), 27, 28–29, 31, 76
Simmel, Georg, 103, 162–63, 164, 184–85, 189, 227, 231
theory of the stranger, 163, 165
Sinatra, Frank, 169
slavery, enslaved people, xiii, 121, 270
in ancient Rome, 12–13
Aristotle on, 8–9, 23, 28, 280
brought to Spanish colonies, 28
de facto, of colonized peoples, 23, 53, 79–82
just wars and, 26–27
outlawed by French, 35
Saint-Domingue revolt by, 35
in U.S., 37, 95–96, 146, 164, 216–17
Slovenia, 254
Small, Albion, 164
Smith, Adam, 176, 238, 260
Social Darwinism, 83, 101, 106, 131, 134, 293
Social Democratic Party, German, 90
Social Distance Scale, 147, 306
Social Forces, 162
social identity, 320
Social Identity Theory, 234
socialism, socialists, 85, 90, 94, 138, 219, 292
in Germany, 112
xenophobia and, 248
Socialist League, 90
social media, 324
social policy, 66
and marginalization, 222–26
Social Security, 259
society, societies, xxi, 45, 194
classless, see classless society; Marxists, Marxism
fear and hatred of strangers in, 226
Judeo-Christian, 183–84
Other and, 220
racist, 146, 168
radically egalitarian, 32, 243
stereotypes and, 164–65
tolerant, 18, 321
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 35
Society for Ethical Culture, 102–3, 105
Society for German Colonization, 101
sociology, 147, 161, 163, 247, 319
xenophobia and, 147–50, 239
Socrates, 7, 11
Soeurs de Nazareth, Les, xvi–xvii
Solidarity, Polish political party, 251, 255
Son of the Sheik, The (film), 160
Sophist, The (Plato), 1, 7
Sophocles, 8
Sorbonne, 208, 214
Soros, George, 258
South Africa, apartheid in, 248
Soviet Union, 109, 111, 139, 185, 248
in Cold War, see Cold War
collapse of, 248, 250–53, 255, 256, 258, 260
economy of, 251, 253, 259, 260
Hungary invaded by, 220
see also Russia, post-Soviet; Russian, Tsarist
Spain, 18–19
Black Legend and, 31, 33, 118, 279
Catholicism in, 19–22, 33
Civil War in, 267
demographics of, 19
in economic crisis of 2008, 256
Inquisition in, 20–21, 32, 35, 36
Jews expelled from, 20, 22
Moriscos expelled from, 20
Muslim rule in, 18–19, 21
terrorism in, 90
Spanish colonies, 22, 52, 53, 62, 238
African slaves brought to, 28
atrocities and massacres of inhabitants of, 23–29
Spanish Conquest, 33–34
Spencer, Herbert, 83, 131, 181, 232
Spiller, Gustav, 106
Spirit Boxers, 56
Spitz, René, 180, 310
Spock, Benjamin, 242
Stalin, Joseph, 140, 220, 248, 251
Stalinism, 224
state, nation vs., 41
State Department, U.S., 259, 322
Stead, W. T., 84
Steamboat Willie (film), 159
Stedman, Thomas, 40
Stekel, Wilhelm, 183, 309
stereotypes, xiv, 152, 161, 162, 192, 193, 233, 247, 309
of Blacks, 157–60, 166, 168
demeaning, 166, 167, 172, 174
dynamic, 161
fast thinking and, 239
Lippmann’s repurposing of term, 154–57, 170, 174, 309
social usage of, 164–65
of strangers, 155, 160, 164–66, 170
and xenophobia, 172, 175, 241
Storey, Moorfield, 96
Stranger, The (Camus), 204–6
stranger anxiety, 147, 310
in infants, 4, 310
strangers, xxi, 3–5, 20–21, 130, 232, 238–39, 265, 306–7
African Americans as, 96, 133, 145, 148, 164, 240
in ancient Greece, 5–10, 276
conflict avoidance and, 4–5
demonization and dehumanization of, 35–36, 174, 242
as enemies, xii, 17, 58, 66, 101, 110, 113, 134, 169, 246
fear of, xii–xiii, 3–4, 40, 48, 73, 85–86, 97, 131, 133, 135, 148, 226, 236–37, 244; see also xenophobia
fight or flight reaction and, 149
Freud on, 183–85
globalization and, 124
hatred of, 86, 114–15, 129, 148, 149, 226, 231, 236–37, 244, 249
hosts and, 24, 263
as invaders, 24, 70
Jews as, 90, 115, 190–91, 207
New World indigenous peoples as, 22–24, 28–30, 280
stereotype and, 155, 160, 164–66, 170
toleration of, 34–35
see also Other, Otherness
structuralism, 220, 222, 223
Studies in Prejudice (AJC series), 189–90
Studies on Authority and the Family (Institute for Social Research), 190
Studs Lonigan (Farrell), 167
“Subject and Power, The” (Foucault), 225
Suetonius, 278
Supreme Court, U.S., internment of Japanese-Americans upheld by, 168
survival of the fittest theory, 83, 131
Sweden, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv
migrant crisis in, 257–58
in Thirty Years’ War, 31
Switzerland:
EU membership rejected by, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv
Sykes-Picot Agreement, xv
sympathy, theory of, 175–76
Syria, 257
Lebanon invaded by, xx
Taino Indians, massacre of, 25
Tamer, Wadad “Odette,” xvi–xvii, xx
Tante Evelyn (Makari’s aunt), xxi
Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, 234–35
Tea Party, U.S., 262
technology, 5
digital, 263
global integration of, xiv, 49, 232, 321
mass media and, 154
nineteenth-century advances in, 51, 64–65
Tel Quel, 220, 223
Temps, Le, 287
Temps Modernes, Les, 203, 207, 208, 209, 220, 222
Tenochtitlan, 280
Terence, 52
Teresa of Ávila, Saint, 279
terrorism, terrorists, 88, 90
against Blacks, 96
anarchist, 90, 293
Islamic, 257, 259–60
Jacobin, 39
in Lebanon, xx–xxi
Texas State Fair, 95
Thirty Years’ War, 31
This Land Is Mine (film), 173, 308
Thomas, James, 237
Thomas, Saint, 24
Thomas, William I., 147, 164
three-fifths compromise, 37
Tibet, 55
Tiresias, 217
Tito, Josip, 254
toleration, tolerance, 32–33, 96, 98, 161, 240–41, 243, 255, 261, 264, 282
in ancient Rome, 278
classless equality vs., 90, 220
liberal, 32–33, 37, 112, 224, 243, 248
Locke and, 32, 282, 299
of Muslim rule in Spain, 18–19, 21
of strangers, 34–35
see also intolerance
Tolstoy, Leo, 71–72, 84, 86, 99
totalitarian states, 139–40
“To the Person Sitting in Darkness” (Twain), 72
trans-gender people, 240
trauma, 232–33
as cause of morbid fear, 131
Treblinka, 232
Trobriand Islanders, 169, 307
Trotha, Lothar von, 101, 116
Truman, Harry, 130, 322
Trumbo, Dalton, 168
Trump, Donald:
election of, xi–xii, 247, 249, 262
xenophobia of, xiv
Truth-Default Theory, 233
Tunisia, 91, 208
Turkey, 256
see also Ottoman Empire
Turpaud, Roger, 66–67
Tuskegee Institute, 164
Perry, Matthew, 55
Persia, Persians, ancient Greece invaded by, 9, 10
Pétain, Philippe, 116, 202
Peters, Carl, 101, 295
phenomenology, 197, 221
Husserl and, 196–97, 199, 214
Sartre and, 197–202
Philip II, King of Spain, 28
Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies (Raynal), 33
philosophy, 195, 239
philoxenia, philoxenos, 6–7, 8
phobias, xiv, 39–40, 294–95
associational theory of, 135
biology and, 232
heredity theory of, 133–34
national, 42–43
nineteenth-century explosion of, 39–40
see also fear
phobos (fear or dread), 8, 40, 162
linked to xénos, 41, 58
Pillar of Salt, The (Memmi), 208
Pindar, 8
Pinel, Philippe, 39, 65
Pius IX, Pope, 54
Pizarro, Francisco, 23
Plato, 1, 6, 9, 155, 175
Poincaré, Raymond, 109–10
Poland:
EU joined by, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv, 249, 257
post-2008 rise of nationalism in, 257, 262
Solidarity in, 251, 255
in World War II, 115, 121
politics:
as method of dividing “us” from “them,” 32, 66, 113–15, 123, 232, 249, 264
nation-state and, 57, 241, 255, 263
Sartre and, 200, 206–8, 220, 223
Schmitt and, 112–15
see also specific ideologies
Politics (Aristotle), 8
Pol Pot, 248
Popper, Karl, 243, 321
population, global, 3
populists, populism, 255
xenophobic, 257
Portbou, 268
Portrait of the Colonized, Preceded by a Portrait of the Colonizer (Memmi), 208–9
Portugal, Portuguese, 22, 52, 54, 55, 58, 111
power, 201, 236, 238, 252, 258, 306
asymmetrical, of imperialism, xvi, 23–24, 35, 37, 42, 50, 52–53, 56, 56, 70, 80, 87, 91, 99
dictatorial, 254
Foucault’s analysis of, 221, 222–23, 225–27, 244
of Hegelian master and slave, 201
in I/Other relationship, 204, 217–18, 236
of misrepresentation, 247
of modern media, 153–54, 157–59, 167
Schmitt on, 113
of words, 84
of xenophobia, 129
Power, Samantha, 300
Prague Spring, 220
prejudice, 31, 32, 100, 101–2, 107, 151–52, 232, 240, 244–45, 247, 301, 306
Allport on, 174, 233, 244, 308
AJC research series on, 189–94
behaviorism and, 147, 156
nationalist, 15, 43, 97–98
stereotypes and, 156, 162, 174, 247
tolerance and, 34–35
Young-Bruehl on, 244
Prelude to War (film), 168
Presse, La, 49
Princeton Office of Radio Research, 187–88
print journalism, and spread of xenophobia as term, 41
projection, xiv, 175–76, 179–80, 309
as defense, 177–79, 190, 191, 193, 241, 309
as delusion, 176–77
Freud and, 177–79, 182–85, 309
Klein and, 179–81, 309–10
in mass psychology, 184–85
Xenophanes and, 175–76, 309
xenophobia and, 175–76, 241
propaganda, 263
Hitler’s use of, 187
Lippmann and, 152–53, 307
media as tool of, 153–54, 157–58, 167–68
wartime, 169–70
Protestantism, Protestants, 31
Black Legend of Spain and, 31, 33
Thirty Years’ War and, 31
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 88
psychiatry, 177, 221
Fanon and, 209–11, 314
Foucault and, 221–23
Pinel and, 39, 65, 283
proliferation of phobias and, 39-40, 283
xenophobia and, 39–40, 45, 48, 48, 65, 97, 123, 231
psychoanalysis, 180–86, 190, 219, 221, 236, 242
psychology, 132–33, 239
in attempts to understand morbid fear, 132–35
behavioral, see behavioral psychology
developmental, 4
ethnic, 134
evolutionary, 4–5, 134, 147, 181, 217, 275–76
Gestalt, 154–55, 161, 166, 185, 187
group, 181–85
social, 185–86, 233
Psychology of Crowds, The (Le Bon), 182
Psychology of French Colonization in Its Relations with Indigenous Societies (Saussure), 93
Psychology of Jingoism, The (Hobson), 83
Public Opinion (Lippmann), 154, 156–57
Purple Heart, The (film), 172
Putin, Vladimir, 254
Pyrrhus and Cinéas (Beauvoir), 216
Quakers, 32
race, 102, 106
Races of Mankind, The (pamphlet), 169, 170–71, 171
racial science, 65–69, 80, 83, 86, 99–101, 106, 112
racism, 101–2, 104, 109, 148, 296
institutional, 226
in U.S., 140–45, 227, 247, 304, 322
Radical, Le, 278
Raleigh, Walter, 31
Rambaud, Alfred, 116–17
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas “Abbé,” 33–35, 34, 36, 38
Rayner, Rosalie, 136–38
Reagan, Ronald, 251–52, 259, 260
Realistic Conflict Theory, 234
Rebel, The (Camus), 220
Reflections on the Jewish Question (Sartre), 207
refugees, 262–63, 267, 269–70
Armenian, xvi
in Europe, 87–88, 109–10, 257–58
League of Nations and, 109–10, 298
Reich, Nathan, 124, 185
Reich, Wilhelm, 190
Renan, Ernest, 4, 43–45, 44, 91, 168, 238
on definition of nation, 46–47
Renan, Henriette, 44
repression, in defensive projection, 178
Republic (Plato), 9
Republican Party, U.S., 259
Republic of Letters, 282
Requerimiento, 26–28, 37, 280
Restall, Matthew, 280
Reuters, 41, 60
Revolutionary character type, 190, 194, 312
Rhodes, Cecil, 83
Rice, Stuart, 162
Richard, Gaston, 45–46, 94
Ricote (char.), 20, 279
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 163
Rise of David Levinksy, The (Cahan), 167
Robbers Cave experiment, 233–34
Rogan, Eugene, 301
Roget’s Thesaurus, xenophobia in, 40
Rohingya, genocide of, 324
Roman Empire, 11, 13–15, 39
fall of, 52
immigration and, 12–14, 277
Sallust on, 19, 259, 279
Romania, 47, 62, 252
Rome, 45, 209, 212
Janiculum excavation in, 12–16
Rome, ancient, 7, 11, 19, 120, 259
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 301
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 152
Executive Order 9066 of, 168
Roquentin, Antoine (char.), 198
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 176
Royal Anthropological Institute, 107
Royal Colonial Institute, 82
Royal Niger Company, 82
Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 63
Royce, Josiah, xiii, 96–97, 106, 163
Rush, Benjamin, 294–95
Russell, Bertrand, 176
Russia, post-Soviet, 253–54
Russia, Tsarist, 109
expansion into China of, 62, 71
pogroms in, 88
see also Soviet Union
Ryle, Gilbert, 176
sadism, 76, 124, 181, 190
of European colonists, 28–29, 79, 82
in overt xenophobia, 241
Sartre on, 201–2, 207
Said, Edward, 236
Saint-Domingue, slave revolt in, 35
Saintours, Jean Martin de, 59–61, 60, 111, 129, 286, 287
xénophobe term coined by, 59, 61
Salamanca, 23, 37
Sallust, 19, 259
Sanford, Nevitt, 190
Santa Maria Tonantzintla church, 281
Santayana, George, 152
Santo Domingo, 25
Sapir, Edward, 170
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 257
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 196, 208, 219, 223, 225, 235, 249
Beauvoir’s relationship with, 196–98, 199, 203, 214
on Being, 199–201
Camus and, 204, 220
existential freedom and, 199, 201–2, 204, 207, 216, 220–21
Fanon and, 211–12
as German prisoner of war, 198–99, 215
on Master and Slave relationship, 200–204
on the Other, 200–202, 206, 216, 313
politics of, 200, 206–8, 220, 223
Saturday Evening Post, 166
Saturday Review (London), 45
Saturday Review (U.S.), 193
Saussure, Léopold de, 93, 310
Saussure, Raymond de, 220
Schmitt, Carl, 112–13, 114, 117
concept of the political formulated by, 113–15, 232
Nazi Party joined by, 115
Schönberg, Arnold, 189
“Schooner’s Flight, The” (Walcott), 229
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 217
Schücking, Walther, 52
Schuyler, George, 167
Science, 104, 107
Scientology, 303
Seal, Brajendranath, 106
Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 217, 218–19, 315–16
Secret Agent, The (Conrad), 90
secularism, secularists, 41, 177, 226, 256, 259, 263
Adler and, see Adler, Felix
Enlightenment and, 33, 35, 240
science and, 66
Securities and Exchange Commission, U.S., 260
Seneca, 11
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 28, 29
Serbia-Montenegro, 254
Shandong Province, 55–56
She (Haggard), 64
She Came to Stay (Beauvoir), 215, 216
Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 59
Sheik, The (film), 160
Sherif, Muzafer, 233–34, 234
Shia Muslims, in Lebanon, xxi
Shoah, see Holocaust
Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, A (Las Casas), 27, 28–29, 31, 76
Simmel, Georg, 103, 162–63, 164, 184–85, 189, 227, 231
theory of the stranger, 163, 165
Sinatra, Frank, 169
slavery, enslaved people, xiii, 121, 270
in ancient Rome, 12–13
Aristotle on, 8–9, 23, 28, 280
brought to Spanish colonies, 28
de facto, of colonized peoples, 23, 53, 79–82
just wars and, 26–27
outlawed by French, 35
Saint-Domingue revolt by, 35
in U.S., 37, 95–96, 146, 164, 216–17
Slovenia, 254
Small, Albion, 164
Smith, Adam, 176, 238, 260
Social Darwinism, 83, 101, 106, 131, 134, 293
Social Democratic Party, German, 90
Social Distance Scale, 147, 306
Social Forces, 162
social identity, 320
Social Identity Theory, 234
socialism, socialists, 85, 90, 94, 138, 219, 292
in Germany, 112
xenophobia and, 248
Socialist League, 90
social media, 324
social policy, 66
and marginalization, 222–26
Social Security, 259
society, societies, xxi, 45, 194
classless, see classless society; Marxists, Marxism
fear and hatred of strangers in, 226
Judeo-Christian, 183–84
Other and, 220
racist, 146, 168
radically egalitarian, 32, 243
stereotypes and, 164–65
tolerant, 18, 321
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 35
Society for Ethical Culture, 102–3, 105
Society for German Colonization, 101
sociology, 147, 161, 163, 247, 319
xenophobia and, 147–50, 239
Socrates, 7, 11
Soeurs de Nazareth, Les, xvi–xvii
Solidarity, Polish political party, 251, 255
Son of the Sheik, The (film), 160
Sophist, The (Plato), 1, 7
Sophocles, 8
Sorbonne, 208, 214
Soros, George, 258
South Africa, apartheid in, 248
Soviet Union, 109, 111, 139, 185, 248
in Cold War, see Cold War
collapse of, 248, 250–53, 255, 256, 258, 260
economy of, 251, 253, 259, 260
Hungary invaded by, 220
see also Russia, post-Soviet; Russian, Tsarist
Spain, 18–19
Black Legend and, 31, 33, 118, 279
Catholicism in, 19–22, 33
Civil War in, 267
demographics of, 19
in economic crisis of 2008, 256
Inquisition in, 20–21, 32, 35, 36
Jews expelled from, 20, 22
Moriscos expelled from, 20
Muslim rule in, 18–19, 21
terrorism in, 90
Spanish colonies, 22, 52, 53, 62, 238
African slaves brought to, 28
atrocities and massacres of inhabitants of, 23–29
Spanish Conquest, 33–34
Spencer, Herbert, 83, 131, 181, 232
Spiller, Gustav, 106
Spirit Boxers, 56
Spitz, René, 180, 310
Spock, Benjamin, 242
Stalin, Joseph, 140, 220, 248, 251
Stalinism, 224
state, nation vs., 41
State Department, U.S., 259, 322
Stead, W. T., 84
Steamboat Willie (film), 159
Stedman, Thomas, 40
Stekel, Wilhelm, 183, 309
stereotypes, xiv, 152, 161, 162, 192, 193, 233, 247, 309
of Blacks, 157–60, 166, 168
demeaning, 166, 167, 172, 174
dynamic, 161
fast thinking and, 239
Lippmann’s repurposing of term, 154–57, 170, 174, 309
social usage of, 164–65
of strangers, 155, 160, 164–66, 170
and xenophobia, 172, 175, 241
Storey, Moorfield, 96
Stranger, The (Camus), 204–6
stranger anxiety, 147, 310
in infants, 4, 310
strangers, xxi, 3–5, 20–21, 130, 232, 238–39, 265, 306–7
African Americans as, 96, 133, 145, 148, 164, 240
in ancient Greece, 5–10, 276
conflict avoidance and, 4–5
demonization and dehumanization of, 35–36, 174, 242
as enemies, xii, 17, 58, 66, 101, 110, 113, 134, 169, 246
fear of, xii–xiii, 3–4, 40, 48, 73, 85–86, 97, 131, 133, 135, 148, 226, 236–37, 244; see also xenophobia
fight or flight reaction and, 149
Freud on, 183–85
globalization and, 124
hatred of, 86, 114–15, 129, 148, 149, 226, 231, 236–37, 244, 249
hosts and, 24, 263
as invaders, 24, 70
Jews as, 90, 115, 190–91, 207
New World indigenous peoples as, 22–24, 28–30, 280
stereotype and, 155, 160, 164–66, 170
toleration of, 34–35
see also Other, Otherness
structuralism, 220, 222, 223
Studies in Prejudice (AJC series), 189–90
Studies on Authority and the Family (Institute for Social Research), 190
Studs Lonigan (Farrell), 167
“Subject and Power, The” (Foucault), 225
Suetonius, 278
Supreme Court, U.S., internment of Japanese-Americans upheld by, 168
survival of the fittest theory, 83, 131
Sweden, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv
migrant crisis in, 257–58
in Thirty Years’ War, 31
Switzerland:
EU membership rejected by, 255
far-right extremism in, xiv
Sykes-Picot Agreement, xv
sympathy, theory of, 175–76
Syria, 257
Lebanon invaded by, xx
Taino Indians, massacre of, 25
Tamer, Wadad “Odette,” xvi–xvii, xx
Tante Evelyn (Makari’s aunt), xxi
Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, 234–35
Tea Party, U.S., 262
technology, 5
digital, 263
global integration of, xiv, 49, 232, 321
mass media and, 154
nineteenth-century advances in, 51, 64–65
Tel Quel, 220, 223
Temps, Le, 287
Temps Modernes, Les, 203, 207, 208, 209, 220, 222
Tenochtitlan, 280
Terence, 52
Teresa of Ávila, Saint, 279
terrorism, terrorists, 88, 90
against Blacks, 96
anarchist, 90, 293
Islamic, 257, 259–60
Jacobin, 39
in Lebanon, xx–xxi
Texas State Fair, 95
Thirty Years’ War, 31
This Land Is Mine (film), 173, 308
Thomas, James, 237
Thomas, Saint, 24
Thomas, William I., 147, 164
three-fifths compromise, 37
Tibet, 55
Tiresias, 217
Tito, Josip, 254
toleration, tolerance, 32–33, 96, 98, 161, 240–41, 243, 255, 261, 264, 282
in ancient Rome, 278
classless equality vs., 90, 220
liberal, 32–33, 37, 112, 224, 243, 248
Locke and, 32, 282, 299
of Muslim rule in Spain, 18–19, 21
of strangers, 34–35
see also intolerance
Tolstoy, Leo, 71–72, 84, 86, 99
totalitarian states, 139–40
“To the Person Sitting in Darkness” (Twain), 72
trans-gender people, 240
trauma, 232–33
as cause of morbid fear, 131
Treblinka, 232
Trobriand Islanders, 169, 307
Trotha, Lothar von, 101, 116
Truman, Harry, 130, 322
Trumbo, Dalton, 168
Trump, Donald:
election of, xi–xii, 247, 249, 262
xenophobia of, xiv
Truth-Default Theory, 233
Tunisia, 91, 208
Turkey, 256
see also Ottoman Empire
Turpaud, Roger, 66–67
Tuskegee Institute, 164
