Wolfish, page 40
first known time on film: “Southern Oregon Hunter Captures First Photo of Elusive OR-7 on Trail Camera,” Oregonian, Jan. 4, 2012, https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest news/2012/01/southern_oregon_hunter_capture.html.
the detail about this new wolf: Jeff Barnard, “Group Retracing Trek of Wandering Oregon Wolf OR-7,” Associated Press, Mar. 19, 2014, Yahoo! News, https://news.yahoo.com/group-retracing-trek-wandering-oregon-wolf-7-072442801.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall.
3. Town v. Wolf
“a local patch”: Helen Macdonald, H Is for Hawk (New York: Grove Atlantic, 2015), 241.
“as remarkable for what it pretends”: James Baldwin, “On Being ‘White’ … and Other Lies,” in Black on White: Black Writers on What It Means to Be White, ed. David Roediger (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2010), 177.
For a more comprehensive overview of pre-Columbus “wilderness” myth: Emma Marris, Wild Souls: Freedom and Flourishing in the Non-Human World (New York: Bloomsbury, 2021), 63.
“almost a pre-agricultural society”: Oscar Johnson, “The Kalapuya of Clackamas County,” Smoke Signals, Grand Ronde Tribe (Spring 1999), http://www.usgennet.org/usa/or/county/clackamas/kalapuyas.html.
“[T]he ‘end times’ arrived”: Lilley et al., eds., Catastrophism, 24.
Throughout the Americas, 90 percent: Marris, Wild Souls, 63.
Kalapuya population is estimated: David L. Doctor, “LCC Research Guides: Kalapuya: Native Americans of the Willamette Valley, Oregon,” Lane Community College, https://libraryguides.lanecc.edu/kalapuya.
One estimate is that only ten percent: Blaine Harden, Murder at the Mission: A Frontier Killing, Its Legacy of Lies, and the Taking of the American West (New York: Penguin, 2021), 35.
“In many places”: Marris, Wild Souls, 63.
“To not remember is perhaps”: Claudia Rankine, Just Us (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2020), 55.
“recognition as nations with full rights”: Manuel Iron Cloud, “Sungmanitu Tanka Oyate: Wolf Nation,” in War Against the Wolf: America’s Campaign to Exterminate the Wolf, ed. Rick McIntyre (Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, 1995), 261.
To the Cherokee: Teresa Pijoan, White Wolf Woman: Native American Transformation Myths (Atlanta: August House Publishers, 1992), 51–52.
“In our astronomy”: Linda Hogan, “The Fallen,” The Book of Medicine (Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1993). Reprinted in McIntyre, War Against the Wolf, 279.
For information about Linnaeus’s naming: James Serpell, The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 8.
“mountain dogs”: Brett L. Walker, The Lost Wolves of Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009), 32.
“O lord wolf”: Ibid., 79.
“If the definition of a dog”: Raymond Pierotti and Brandy Raelene Fogg, “Neocolonial Thinking and Respect for Nature,” Ethnobiology Letters 11, no. 1 (2020): 49, 54.
“father of Hokkaido agriculture”: Walker, The Lost Wolves of Japan, 131.
For the story of wolves at Ingram’s door: Oregon Pioneer Association, “A Wolf Story,” in Transactions of the Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer Association, Volumes 34–40 (Portland, OR: Peaslee Bros. and Chausse, 1907), 613, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Transactions_of_the_Annual_Reunion_of_th/lwgXAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1.
For Lewis and Clark’s wolf encounters: Kenneth C. Walcheck, “Of Wolves and Prairie Wolves,” We Proceeded On 30, no. 2 (May 2004), Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, lewisandclark.org/wpo/pdf/vol30no2.pdf#page=21.
“I redoubled my cries”: Michael Jenkinson, Beasts Beyond the Fire (New York: Dutton, 1980), 215.
“very numerous in this country”: Richard Cockle, “Oregon Gets Taste of Living with Wolves,” Oregonian, June 17, 2010, http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/06/oregon_gets_taste_of_living_wi.html.
“as helpless as most duchesses”: R. B. Townshend, “A Tenderfoot in Colorado,” A Tenderfoot in Colorado (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2008). Reprinted in McIntyre, War Against the Wolf, 76–78.
splintered in the face of factionalism: Dane Bevan, “Public Meeting at Champoeg, 1843,” Oregon History Project, Oregon Historical Society, 2004, https://www.oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/public-meeting-at-champoeg-1843/#.YkZrUy-B2Am.
For agenda and results of “wolf meetings”: T. T. Geer, “Incidents in the Organization of the Provisional Government,” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 2, no. 4 (1901): 366–80, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20609512.
For mural: Gary Halvorson, “State Capitol Mural,” 2010, photograph, Oregon State Archives, https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/records/county/Pages/scenic-images-new.aspx?topic=mural.
Hegel wrote that a threat: Claudia Rankine, Don’t Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2004), 84.
“The situation was wholly unlike”: Geer, “Incidents in the Organization…,” 366.
“Killing wolves, of course”: William G. Robbins, Landscapes of Promise: The Oregon Story, 1800–1940 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 77.
“some last-ditch effort”: Walker, The Last Wolves of Japan, 70.
For Esther Stutzman’s story: Esther Stutzman, “Indigenous Storytelling: Kalapuya Creation Story,” recorded Aug. 30, 2001, Archaeology Channel, https://www.archaeologychannel.org/audio-guide/indigenous-storytelling-kalapuya-creation-story.
Until the 1978 passage: Lee Irwin, “Freedom, Law, and Prophecy: A Brief History of Native American Religious Resistance,” American Indian Quarterly 21, no. 1 (1997): 35–55, https://doi.org/10.2307/1185587.
“They are intrinsic”: Joy Harjo, An American Sunrise: Poems (New York: W. W. Norton, 2019), 29.
made to cede the entire: Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, “Our Story,” Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, 2018, https://www.grandronde.org/history-culture/history/our-story/.
“This country is not good now”: Johnson,“The Kalapuya of Clackamas County.”
“Binary oppositions, oversimplified”: Hamad, White Tears/Brown Scars, 42–43.
One piece of seventeenth-century: Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Scribner, 1978), 170.
“truly fearful”: Harden, Murder at the Mission, 35.
wild men: Isabelle Charmantier, “Linnaeus and Race,” Linnean Society of London, Sept. 3, 2020, https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race.
“without shame”: Katherine Angel, Tomorrow Sex Will Be Good Again: Women and Desire in the Age of Consent (London: Verso Books, 2021), 13.
“belief that races exist”: Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), xii.
Townsend, meanwhile: Asher Elbein, “The Bird World Is Grappling with Its Own Confederate Relic: McCown’s Longspur,” Audubon Magazine, July 20, 2020, https://www.audubon.org/news/-bird-world-grappling-its-own-confederate-relic-mccowns-longspur.
In researching perceptions of wolves in Albanian: Garry Marvin, “Wolves in Sheep’s and Other Clothing,” Beastly Natures: Animals, Humans, and the Study of History, ed. Dorothee Brantz (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010), 70.
“at least temporarily, a California”: “Oregon Wolf OR7 Enters California,” Heppner Gazette-Times, Jan. 4, 2012, https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn97071042/2012–01–04/ed-1/seq-1/#words=wolf.
For CDFW updates on OR-7: “Gray Wolf Updates,” California Department of Fish and Wildlife, https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Mammals/Gray-Wolf/Updates/ArticlePage/51.
For Gubbio wolf altarpiece: The Wolf of Gubbio, painted by Sassetta, 1437–44, egg tempera on poplar. National Gallery, London, https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sassetta-the-wolf-of-gubbio.
“We did not domesticate dogs”: Brian Handwerk, “How Accurate Is Alpha’s Theory of Dog Domestication?,” Smithsonian, Aug. 15, 2018, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-wolves-really-became-dogs-180970014/. For more on the debate: Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods, “Opinion: We Didn’t Domesticate Dogs. They Domesticated Us,” National Geographic online, Mar. 3, 2013, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/130302-dog-domestic-evolution-science-wolf-wolves-human; and L. David Mech and Luc A. A. Janssens, “An Assessment of Current Wolf Canis Lupus Domestication Hypotheses Based on Wolf Ecology and Behaviour,” Mammal Review 52, no. 2 (2022): 304–14.
“A wolf does not bark”: David Hunt, “The Face of the Wolf Is Blessed, or Is It? Diverging Perceptions of the Wolf,” Folklore 119, no. 3 (2008): 321–22, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40646471.
For wolf vs. dog brains: Carl Safina, Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel (New York: Henry Holt, 2015), 223–25.
“Man took the (free) wolf”: Donna Haraway, The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness, Vol. 1 (Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, 2003), 28.
“trash pile theory”: Riley Black, “What Good Were Dogs in the Ice Age?,” Slate, Feb. 17, 2021, https://slate.com/technology/2021/02/why-humans-domesticated-dogs-research.html.
“The great majority of … new”: “Slavery: A National and Oregon Summary,” 2019, Oregon Secretary of State, Oregon.gov, https://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/black-history/Pages/context/slavery.aspx.
For more on the Lash Law: Nina Strochlic, “Oregon Once Legally Banned Black People. Has the State Reconciled Its Racist Past?,” National Geographic, Mar. 8, 2021, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/oregon-once-legally-barred-black-people-has-the-state-reconciled-its-racist-past.
First, they rejected slavery: William Robbins, Oregon: This Storied Land (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2005), 48.
“In arriving at this conclusion”: Cheryl A. Brooks, “Race, Politics, and Denial: Why Oregon Forgot to Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment,” Oregon Law Review 83 (2004): 731.
For more on the Black exclusion clause: Ibid., 738–39.
“by what it ha[s] been walled against”: Rose, On Violence and On Violence Against Women, 239.
“wooly headed, [and] animal jawed”: Brooks, “Race, Politics, and Denial,” 744.
In 1850, the U.S. Congress: Strochlic, “Oregon Once Legally Banned Black People.”
“When we try to pick out anything”: Michelle Nijhuis, Beloved Beasts: Fighting for Life in an Age of Extinction (New York: W. W. Norton, 2021), 90. For more on Muir’s view of Indigenous influence on landscape: Marris, Wild Souls, 64.
“confine the Indians to smaller areas”: Nijhuis, Beloved Beasts, 32.
one warden patrolled its trails: Karen Jones, “From Big Bad Wolf to Ecological Hero: Canis Lupus and the Culture(s) of Nature in the American–Canadian West,” American Review of Canadian Studies 40, no. 3 (2010): 341.
“The Indians losing their stock”: Joseph Henry Taylor, “1865: Twenty Years on the Trap Line,” in McIntyre, War Against the Wolf, 57–58.
For information on colonial laws: Ibid., 30–35.
“our efforts to destroy these animals”: Jones, “From Big Bad Wolf to Ecological Hero,” 342.
“animals … drift in from Mexico”: Jennifer Wolch and Jody Emel, Animal Geographies: Place, Politics, and Identity in the Nature-Culture Borderlands (London: Verso, 1998), 101.
“The fact that Canada had something”: Ibid., 346.
welfare scroungers: Jones, “From Big Bad Wolf to Ecological Hero,” 345.
“black-hearted criminals”: Ibid., 341.
The police would treat the area: David Sykes, “Ranchers, Sheriff Relate Experiences Living with Wolves in Wallowa County,” Heppner Gazette-Times, Mar. 14, 2012, https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn97071042/2012-03-14/ed-1/seq-1.pdf.
“Wolves are a public concern”: Eaton, Collared, 2.
“a very efficient, four-legged”: Cockle, “Oregon Gets Taste of Living with Wolves,” https://www.oregonlive.com/news/2010/06/oregon_gets_taste_of_living_wi.html.
“holds a cigarette paper”: Bill Stockton, Today I Baled Some Hay to Feed the Sheep the Coyotes Eat (Kalispell: Montana Institute of the Arts Foundation, 1982), 41–42.
“almost cultlike status”: Malia Wollan, “Lone Wolf Commands a Following,” New York Times, Jan. 28, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/us/wildlife-activists-follow-lone-wolfs-trek-into-california.html?src=tp&smid=fb-share.
There was even a bumper sticker: Winston Ross, “OR-7 Wolf: Can the Legendary Border Crosser Save His Endangered Species?,” Newsweek, July 4, 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/or-7-wolves-wolf-endangered-species-list-border-crossing-conservation-1007634.
“Claiming and being identified with a love”: Michelle Orange, Pure Flame: A Legacy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), 176.
Cows outnumber people: Richard Cockle, “Some Welcome Wolf Return, Others Concerned Two Permanent Packs Have Made Their Homes in Northeast Oregon,” Ashland Daily Tidings (OR), June 19, 2010, https://infoweb-newsbank-com.proxy.multcolib.org/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=news/151198A8F6107828.
“Wolves are about as welcome”: “Letter: Wolf Protection ‘Slap in the Face,’” Wallowa County Chieftain (Enterprise), Dec. 10, 2009, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=news/14FD395777C85D70.
more than 83,000 automated messages: “Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management 2013 Annual Report,” Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2014, https://www.dfw.state.or.us/Wolves/docs/oregon_wolf_program/Oregon_Wolf_Annual_Report_2013.pdf.
“an outlaw”: Anne Carson, Glass, Irony, and God (New York: New Directions, 1995), 124.
“traveller’s tales”: Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1999), 8.
“A radio-collared wolf’s”: Mark Freeman, “OR-7 May Be Looking for Love in Wrong Places,” Mail Tribune (Medford), Jan. 15, 2012.
“His mind right now is on love”: Ibid.
“He’s baaaaack”: Mark Freeman, “OR-7 Comes Back to Jackson County,” Mail Tribune (Medford), Mar. 3, 2012.
“Crossing the border”: “Sister of OR-7 Died in Foothold Trap,” Center for Biological Diversity, Apr. 30, 2013, https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/wolf-04–30–2013.html.
“He’ll go until he finds a female”: Freeman, “OR-7 May Be Looking for Love in Wrong Places.”
“If science suggests Nez Perces migrated”: Pinkham et al., Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce, 2, 3, 10, 29.
For details of Chief Joseph’s march: Mark Herbert Brown, The Flight of the Nez Perce (New York: Putnam, 1967), 407.
“Their summer range, transitional range”: Paige Blankenbuehler, “Why Have Gray Wolves Failed to Gain a Foothold in Colorado?,” High Country News, Sept. 1, 2021, https://www.hcn.org/issues/53.9/south-wolves-perilous-path-to-colorado-wolf-restoration.
“That concept [of eradication] is foreign to us”: Todd Wilkinson, “The New West: Remembering the Role Nez Perce Played in Bringing Back Wolves,” Buckrail-Jackson Hole News, Apr. 23, 2019, https://buckrail.com/the-new-west-remembering-the-role-nez-perce-played-in-bringing-back-wolves/.
“remembering is never a quiet act”: Rankine, Just Us, 131.
The Greek word for “not forgetting”: Hyde, A Primer for Forgetting, 63.
“The European newcomer”: Joseph M. Marshall III, “The Wolf: A Native American Symbol,” in McIntyre, War Against the Wolf, 286.
For Nez Perce land reclamation: Associated Press, “Nez Perce Still Tied to Wallowa County,” Indian Country Today, Sept. 12, 2018, https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/nez-perce-still-tied-to-wallowa-county.
“The Nimiipuu—the people”: Bill Bradshaw, “Coming Home: Tribe Gets More Homeland Back,” Wallowa County Chieftain, May 5, 2021, https://www.wallowa.com/news/coming-home-tribe-gets-more-homeland-back/article_5b91684a-ac2b-11eb-99c8–5f67d48a8c70.html.
“Conservation is a Western construct”: Jessica Hernandez, Fresh Banana Leaves: Healing Indigenous Landscapes Through Indigenous Science (Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2022), 72.
The traumatic expulsions of humans and animals: Carla Freccero, “A Race of Wolves,” Yale French Studies, no. 127 (2015): 123, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44512264.
4. Truth v. Wolf
In French the word loup: Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Scribner, 1978), 220.
“When someone says you can’t attribute”: Safina, Beyond Words, 29.
“There is no peace for prey”: Ibid., 172.
“I spun the stories golden”: Catherine Pierce, The Tornado Is the World (Ardmore, PA: Saturnalia Books, 2016), 70.
“very public and historic trek”: Mark Freeman, “OR-7’s Signal About to Fade,” Mail Tribune (Medford), Mar. 27, 2014, https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.multcolib.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=2W61812716017&site=ehost-live.
“like Voyager, he’ll leave”: Robert Galvin, “Another Life in the Woods,” Mail Tribune (Medford), Sept. 15, 2013, https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.multcolib.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nfh&AN=2W61890731389&site=ehost-live.
roots in Aesop’s Fables: Lopez, Of Wolves and Men, 253.
Wolves appear in at least twenty-five: D. L. Ashliman, “Wolves in Aesop’s Fables,” University of Pittsburgh, Mar. 22, 2003, https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/aesopwolf.html.
Aesop’s version of the fable: Aesop’s Fables (New York: Race Point, 2015), 37.
In later versions: William Ellery Leonard, Aesop and Hyssop: Being Fables Adapted and Original with the Morals Carefully Formulated (Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 1912), 80; John Hookham Frere, William Edward Frere, and Bartle Sir Frere, The Works of John Hookham Frere in Verse and Prose (London: B. M. Pickering, 1872), 265.
A time stamp reads: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2009, Baker_depredation_April_2009_odfw, https://www.flickr.com/photos/odfw/17086810757/in/album-72157623481759903/.
“caught red-handed”: Robert Hendrickson, Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins (New York: Facts on File, 1997), 135–38.
first confirmed wolf kill of livestock: Ed Merriman, “Photos Confirm Wolves Killed Keating Lambs,” Baker City Herald, Apr. 15, 2009, infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AMNEWS&docref=news/13551E3D628C5C40.
