Rumbles, page 25
169 Robert Bell, ‘On the Treatment of a Stomach’, The Butterfly, September 1899, 135
170 ‘Another City Clerk’, The Vegetarian, 2 February 1889, 67
171 ‘Rise of the Vegetarian Restaurant’, The Vegetarian, 5 March 1887, 56
172 Rhodri Hayward, ‘Busman’s Stomach and the Embodiment of Modernity’, Contemporary British History 31:1 (2017), 1–23
173 ‘Alleged Prevalence of Nervous Complaints Considered by Select Committee on the Post Office’, The Postal Clerks’ Herald, 26 March 1910, 576
174 Sue Zemka, Time and the Moment in Victorian Literature and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 75
175 Vicky Long, ‘Situating the Factory Canteen in Discourses of Health and Industrial Work in Britain (1914–1939)’, Le Mouvement social 2:247 (2014), 65–83 (p. 70)
176 Food (War) Committee meeting, 24 April 1917, cited in Long, p. 71
177 John B. Watson, Psychological Care of Infant and Child (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1928), p. 73
178 Ibid., p. 103
179 Jean Walton, Dissident Gut: Technologies of Regularity, Politics of Revolt (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2024), pp. 93–4
180 Lord Stanley quoted in Lawrence Goldman, Science, Reform, and Politics in Victorian Britain: The Social Science Association 1857–1886 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 198
181 Michael Faraday, ‘Letter to the Editor’, The Times, 7 July 1855
182 Benjamin Disraeli, House of Commons Debate, 15 July 1858, Hansard Vol. 151, cc1508–40
183 London Gazette, 21 October 1831
184 Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor: A Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those That Will Work, Those That Cannot Work and Those That Will Not Work, Vol. 2 (London: Griffon, Bohn, 1861), p. 430
185 Ibid., p. 436
186 David S. Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Germs (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)
187 Quoted in David S. Barnes, ‘Scents and Sensibilities: Disgust and the Meaning of Odors in Late Nineteenth-Century Paris’, Historical Reflections 28:1 (Spring 2002), 21–49
188 Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination [1982], trans. M. L. Kochan, R. Porter and C. Prendergast (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 89–110
189 Barnes, ‘Scents and Sensibilities’
190 George Jennings to Commissioners of Sewers for the City of London, 13 December 1858 (London Metropolitan Archives)
191 Quoted in Norbert Elias, ‘The Development and Concept of Civilité’, in On Civilization, Power, and Knowledge: Selected Writings, eds Stephen Mennell and Johan Goudsblom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 79
192 Ibid.
193 Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 11–12
194 Alison Moore, ‘Kakao and Kaka: Chocolate and the Excretory Imagination of Nineteenth-Century Europe’, in Cultures of the Abdomen, pp. 51–69
195 Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo [1966] (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 143
196 Harold Farnsworth Gray, ‘Sewerage in Ancient and Mediaeval Times’, Sewage Works Journal 12:5 (1940), 939–46 (p. 945)
197 Douglas, Purity and Danger, p. 35
198 William Osler, The Evolution of Modern Medicine: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Yale University on the Silliman Foundation, in April 1913 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921)
199 Fedor Galkin, Polina Mamoshina, Alex Aliper et al., ‘Human Gut Microbiome Aging Clock Based on Taxonomic Profiling and Deep Learning’, iScience 23:6 (2020)
200 Aaro Salosensaari, Ville Laitinen, Aki S. Havulinna et al., ‘Taxonomic Signatures of Cause-Specific Mortality Risk in the Human Gut Microbiome’, Nature Communications, 12:2671 (2021). See also utu.fi/en/news/press-release/researchers-discovered-a-gut-microbiota-profile-that-can-predict-mortality
201 Jan Purnis, Digestive Tracts: Early Modern Discourses of Digestion (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Toronto, 2010), p. 17
202 Thomas Blount, Glossographia (1656), quoted in Purnis, Digestive Tracts, p. 17
203 Thomas Ady, A Perfect Discovery of Witches (1661), quoted in Leigh Eric Schmidt, ‘From Demon Possession to Magic Show: Ventriloquism, Religion, and the Enlightenment’, Church History 67:2 (1998), 274–304 (p. 281)
204 John Gregory Bourke, Scatalogic Rites of All Nations: A Dissertation upon the Employment of Excrementitous Remedial Agents in Religion, Therapeutics, Divination, Witchcraft, Love-Philters, etc., in All Parts of the Globe (Washington, D.C.: W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., 1891), p. 5
205 Ibid., p. 1
206 Moore, ‘Kakao and Kaka’, p. 61
207 Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Filthy Rites’, Daedalus 111:3 (1982), 1–16 (p. 2)
208 Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Declamation Attacking the Uncertainty and Vanity of the Sciences and the Arts: An Invective Declamation [1526] (London: Samuel Speed, 1676), p. 318
209 Schoenfeldt, Bodies and Selves in Early Modern England, p. 26
210 Joseph Tate, ‘Tamburlaine’s Urine’, in Fecal Matters in Early Modern Literature and Art: Studies in Scatology, eds Jeff Persels and Russell Ganim (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), pp. 138–53
211 Gualtherus Bruele, Praxis Medicinae; or, the Physician’s Practise: Wherein Are Contained All Inward Diseases from the Head to the Foot (London: J. Norton, 1639), p. 365
212 Hannah Marriott, ‘Going through the Motions: The Rise and Rise of Stool-Gazing’, Guardian, 14 March 2021
213 René Goiffon, Manuel de coprologie clinique (Paris: Masson et cie., 1921)
214 Jonathan Sawday, The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 213
215 Seed Time: The Quarterly of the Fellowship of the New Life, quoted in W. H. G. Armytage, Heavens Below: Utopian Experiments in England, 1560–1960 (London: Routledge and Keagan Paul, 1961), pp. 374–5
216 George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier [1937] (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1958), p. 248
217 William Arbuthnot Lane, ‘The Sewage System of the Human Body’, American Medicine (1923), 267
218 William Arbuthnot Lane, ‘Chronic Intestinal Stasis and Cancer’, British Medical Journal (1923) 745–7 (p. 747)
219 Frank Crane, ‘The Colonic’ (1916), quoted in James C. Whorton, Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 55
220 Emil Kraepelin quoted in Mary de Young, Encyclopaedia of Asylum Therapeutics, 1750s–1950s (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015)
221 Xiuxia Yuan, Yulin Kang, Chuanjun Zhuo, Xu-Feng Huang and Xueqin Song, ‘The Gut Microbiota Promotes the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia via Multiple Pathways’, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 512:2 (2019), 373–80
222 William Arbuthnot Lane, ‘The Paramount Importance of Effective Intestinal Drainage in Preventing Ill Health and Disease’, American Medicine 21 (1926), 689–93 (p. 692)
223 See Manon Mathias, ‘Autointoxication and Historical Precursors of the Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis’, Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 29:2 (2018), 36–46
224 Edwin Slosson, Major Prophets of Today (Boston: Little, Brown, 1914), p. 175, cited in Harvey Levenstein, Fear of Food: A History of Why We Worry about What We Eat (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), p. 34
225 John Harvey Kellogg, The Itinerary of a Breakfast (New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls, 1918), p. 97
226 A. C. Field, ‘Vegetarianism Scientifically Considered’, Vegetarian Review 43 (March 1895), 94
227 Newcombe, The Manifesto of Vegetarianism, pp. 3–4
228 Whorton, Inner Hygiene, p. 173
229 Levenstein, Fear of Food, p. 33
230 Arthur Keith quoted in Whorton, Inner Hygiene, p. 74
231 Whorton, Inner Hygiene, p. 79
232 Michaeleen Doucleff, ‘How Modern Life Depletes Our Gut Microbes’, NPR, 21 April 2015
233 See Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison [1975], trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Pantheon, 1977)
234 ‘Mr Vaucanson’s Letter to the Abbé De Fontaine’, in An Account of the Mechanism of an Automaton, or Image Playing on the German Flute, trans. John Theophilus Desaguliers (London: T. Parker, 1742), p. 22
235 Jessica Riskin, ‘The Defecating Duck, or, the Ambiguous Origins of Artificial Life’, Critical Inquiry 29:4 (2003), 599–633 (p. 601)
236 E. C. Spary, Eating the Enlightenment: Food and the Sciences in Paris, 1670–1760 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), p. 17
237 Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History, Vol. 2 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1837), p. 177
238 William Shakespeare, Coriolanus (1609), I.I 94–6
239 Ibid., I.I 146–7
240 See David G. Hale, ‘Analogy of the Body Politic’, in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, ed. Philip P. Wiener (New York: Scribner, 1973), Vol. 1, pp. 68–70
241 Bertrand Marquer, ‘The “Second Brain”: Dietetics and Ideology in Nineteenth-Century France’, in Gut Feeling and Digestive Health in Nineteenth-Century Literature, History and Culture, pp. 37–54 (p. 40)
242 Robert James, A Medicinal Dictionary, 2 vols (London: T. Osborne, 1745)
243 James Eyre, The Stomach and Its Difficulties (London: John Churchill, 1852), p. vii
244 N. Henessey, ‘Dietetics in Relation to Mental Culture’
245 Thomas Carlyle quoted in Hisao Ishizuka, ‘Carlyle’s Nervous Dyspepsia: Nervousness, Indigestion and the Experience of Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, in Neurology and Modernity: A Cultural History of Nervous Systems, 1800–1950, eds Laura Salisbury and Andrew Shail (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 81–95 (p. 88)
246 Douglas, Purity and Danger, p. 50
247 Cheyne, The English Malady, pp. 49–50
248 Claude Lévi-Strauss, ‘The Culinary Triangle’, in Food and Culture: A Reader, eds Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 28–35 (p. 30)
249 Roland Barthes, ‘Steak and Chips’, in Mythologies [1957], trans. Annette Lavers (London: Vintage, 1993), pp. 62–4
250 Ben Rogers, Beef and Liberty: Roast Beef, John Bull and the English Nation (London: Vintage, 2003)
251 Joyce L. Huff, ‘Corporeal Economies: Work and Waste in Nineteenth-Century Constructions of Alimentation’, in Cultures of the Abdomen, pp. 39, 40
252 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth [1961], trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Press, 1963), p. 43
253 Ibid.
254 E. Melanie DuPuis, Dangerous Digestion: The Politics of American Dietary Advice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), p. 147
255 Robert Harrison and Virginia Smith, ‘William Banting (1796/7–1878)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
256 William Banting, Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public [1863] (London: Harrison, 1864), p. 14
257 Ibid., pp. 7, 11
258 Ibid., p. 14
259 Galen, quoted in Christopher E. Forth, Fat: A Cultural History of the Stuff of Life (London: Reaktion Books, 2019), p. 54
260 Banting, Letter on Corpulence, pp. 11, 13
261 Kaufman, A Short History of the American Stomach, p. xiv
262 ‘diet, n.’ OED Online, Oxford University Press, oed.com/dictionary/diet_n1
263 Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Tale of Beryn: With a Prologue of the Merry Adventure of the Pardoner with a Tapster at Canterbury’ [1400], in Supplementary Canterbury Tales, ed. F. J. Furnivall and W. G. Stone (London: N. Trubner & Co., 1887), p. 45; see also Jake Walsh Morrissey, ‘ “To Al Indifferent”: The Virtues of Lydgate’s “Dietary”’, Medium Ævum 84:2 (2015), 258–78
264 Michel Foucault, Technologies of the Self, eds Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman and Patrick H. Hutton (London: Tavistock Publications, 1988), p. 16
265 For an overview of this research, see Ching-Hung Tseng and Chun-Ying Wu, ‘The Gut Microbiome in Obesity’, Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 118:1 (2019), 3–9
266 Elaine W. Yu, Liu Gao, Petr Stastka et al., ‘Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Improvement of Metabolism in Obesity: The FMT-TRIM Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial’, PLoS Medicine 17:3 (2020)
267 Ian Randall, ‘Personalised Diet Plan Based on Healthy Plant-Based Foods and Tailored to Your Gut Microbiome “Could Help Reduce Your Risk of Obesity, Type-2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease”’, Daily Mail, 11 January 2021; David Cox, ‘Seven Ways to Boost Your Gut Health’, Guardian, 10 September 2018; Tory Shepherd, ‘Super Poo: The Emerging Science of Stool Transplants and Designer Gut Bacteria’, Guardian, 2 January 2022; Rachel Hosie, ‘Testing Your Gut Bacteria Could Be Secret to Losing Weight, Finds Study’, Independent, 18 September 2017
268 Siobhan Fenton, ‘Obesity Could Be Contagious, Scientists Say’, Independent, 5 May 2016
269 Hilary P. Browne, Samuel C. Forster, Blessing O. Anonye et al., ‘Culturing of “Unculturable” Human Microbiota Reveals Novel Taxa and Extensive Sporulation’, Nature 533 (2016), 543–6
270 Lizzie Parry, ‘Is Obesity CONTAGIOUS? Spores of Bacteria from the Guts of Fat People “Could Spread to Healthy Individuals”’, Daily Mail, 4 May 2016
271 Jana Evans Braziel and Kathleen LeBesco (eds), Bodies Out of Bounds: Fatness and Transgression (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 2
272 See Charlotte Cooper, Fat Activism: A Radical Social Movement (Bristol: Intellect Books, 2016)
273 Ken Albala, ‘Weight Loss in the Age of Reason’, Cultures of the Abdomen, pp. 169–83 (p. 170)
274 D’A. Power and Kaye Bagshaw, ‘William Wadd (1776–1829)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
275 William Wadd, Cursory Remarks on Corpulence; or, Obesity Considered as a Disease: With a Critical Examination of Ancient and Modern Opinions, Relative to Its Causes and Cure [1810], 3rd edn. (London: J. Callow, 1816), pp. 21, 24–25
276 William Hunter (1718–1783), Scottish anatomist and physician, known for his pioneering work in obstetrics
277 Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), Italian biologist and physician famed as the ‘founder of microscopical anatomy’
278 Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738), Dutch botanist, chemist and physician
279 Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772), Dutch physician and doctor to Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa
280 Wadd, Cursory Remarks on Corpulence, pp. 10–13, 59
281 Ibid., p. 14
282 Ibid.
283 Michael Stolberg, ‘ “Abhorreas pinguedinem”’: Fat and Obesity in Early Modern Medicine (c. 1500–1750)’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43:2 (2012), 370–8 (p. 375)
284 Samuel Smiles, Self-Help; with Illustrations of Character and Conduct (London: John Murray, 1859), p. 18
285 Sander L. Gilman, Fat: A Cultural History of Obesity (Malden: Polity Press, 2008)
286 See S. Rosenbaum, ‘100 Years of Heights and Weights’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 151:2 (1988), 276–309
287 Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1870), pp. 1–4
288 Kevin Donnelly, Adolphe Quetelet, Social Physics and the Average Men of Science, 1796–1874 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015)
289 Adolphe Quetelet, A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties [1835] (Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, 1842), p. 14
290 Your Fat Friend, ‘The Bizarre and Racist History of the BMI’, Medium, 15 October 2019
291 Ken Albala, Eating Right in the Renaissance, p. 139
292 Kathleen LeBesco, Revolting Bodies?: The Struggle to Redefine Fat Identity (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003)
293 Tessa E. S. Charlesworth and Mahzarin R. Banaji, ‘Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: IV. Change and Stability from 2007 to 2020’, Psychological Science 33:9 (2022), 1347–71
294 ‘Bile Beans’, Brisbane Worker, 6 June 1899
295 Ibid.
296 ‘Bile Beans’, British Medical Journal 2:1653 (1903)
297 William Arbuthnot Lane, The Operative Treatment of Chronic Intestinal Stasis (London: James Nisbet, 1915), p. 55
298 Ellen G. White, Education (Oakland: Pacific Press Publishing Company, 1903)
299 Ana Carden-Coyne, Reconstructing the Body: Classicism, Modernism, and the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 158
300 Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘The Culture of the Abdomen: Obesity and Reducing in Britain, circa 1900–1939’, Journal of British Studies 44:2 (2005), 239–73 (p. 239)
301 Eustace Hamilton Miles, Self-Health as a Habit (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1919), p. 25
302 Nathaniel Newnham-Davis, The Gourmet’s Guide to London (New York: Brentano’s, 1914), p. 77
303 Ana Carden-Coyne, ‘American Guts and Military Manhood’, in Cultures of the Abdomen, pp. 71–85 (p. 72)
304 Philip Rucker, Josh Dawsey and Damian Paletta, ‘Trump Slams Fed Chair, Questions Climate Change and Threatens to Cancel Putin Meeting in Wide-Ranging Interview with The Post’, Washington Post, 27 November 2018
305 Robin M. LeBlanc, The Art of the Gut: Manhood, Power, and Ethics in Japanese Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010)
306 ‘Commons Outrage’, The Globe, 25 June 1909; ‘Suffrage Protest’, Morning Post, 25 June 1909
307 Marion Wallace Dunlop, ‘Address to the WSPU’, Votes for Women, 1 August 1909
308 ‘Release of Women Suffragists’, The Times, 14 March 1908
309 Edith Ward, ‘Review of Animal Rights by Henry Salt’, Shafts, 19 November 1892
310 Graham Greene, ‘Alas, Poor Maling’ [1940], in Twenty-One Stories (London: Vintage, 2001), pp. 69–72
311 Ali Khanbhai and Daljit Singh Sura, ‘Irritable Bowel Syndrome for Primary Care Physicians’, British Journal of Medical Practitioners 6:1 (2013)
