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94. Nicholas Deleon, “Apple Is Cracking Down on NSFW Content Inside Reddit Apps,” VICE, April 12, 2016, accessed July 5, 2019, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/78k8yb/reddit-ios-apps-disappear-nsfw-content.
95. Simon Sharwood, “What the @#$%&!? Microsoft Bans Nudity, Swearing in Skype, Emails, Office 365 Docs,” The Register, March 28, 2018, accessed July 6, 2019, https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/03/28/microsoft_services_agreement_bars_offensive_language.
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97. Samantha Cole, “Facebook and Patreon Are Making It Harder to Find Sex Educators,” Motherboard, July 24, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/ev8pg4/facebook-and-patreon-sex-educators-community-guidelines.
98. Cole, “Facebook and Patreon Are Making It Harder to Find Sex Educators.”
99. Eli Rosenberg, “Facebook Blocked Many Gay-Themed Ads as Part of Its New Advertising Policy, Angering LGBT Groups,” Washington Post, October 3, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/10/03/facebook-blocked-many-gay-themed-ads-part-its-new-advertising-policy-angering-lgbt-groups.
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101. Blue, “Timeline.”
102. Samantha Cole, “Sex Workers Say Porn on Google Drive Is Suddenly Disappearing,” Motherboard, March 21, 2018, accessed June 27, 2019, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9kgwnp/porn-on-google-drive-error.
103. Blue, “How Sex Censorship Killed the Internet.”
104. Samantha Cole, “Google AdSense Banned a Random Web Page about a 32-Year-Old Bill because It Was about Sexual Abuse,” Motherboard, July 6, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/ne5j3z/google-adsense-banned-a-random-web-page-about-a-32-year-old-bill-because-it-was-about-sexual-abuse.
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107. Violet Blue, “Google Bans ‘Explicit’ Adult Content from Blogger Blogs,” ZDNet, February 24, 2015, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-bans-explicit-adult-content-from-blogger-blogs.
108. Jean Burgess and Joshua Green, YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture, 2nd ed. (Medford, MA: Polity, 2018), 152.
109. Rachel Dunphy, “Can YouTube Survive the Adpocalypse?” New York Magazine, December 28, 2017, accessed February 14, 2019, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/12/can-youtube-survive-the-adpocalypse.html.
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112. Erik Kain, “YouTube Wants Content Creators to Appeal Demonetization, But It’s Not Always That Easy,” Forbes, September 18, 2017, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2017/09/18/adpocalypse-2017-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-youtubes-demonetization-troubles/#57c5e6c26705.
113. David Teich, “How YouTuve Handled Its Brand-Safety Crisis,” Digiday, June 14, 2017, accessed February 16, 2019, https://digiday.com/marketing/youtube-handled-brand-safety-crisis.
114. Samantha Cole, “YouTube Banned an Erotic Film Production Company After It Posted Interviews with Sex Workers,” VICE, July 13, 2018, accessed June 27, 2019, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gy3gdb/youtube-banned-erica-lust-in-conversation-with-sex-workers.
115. Cole, “YouTube Banned an Erotic Film Production Company.” Motherboard, July 13, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/gy3gdb/youtube-banned-erica-lust-in-conversation-with-sex-workers.
116. Cheves, “The Dangerous Trend of LGBTQ Censorship.”
117. Sal Bardo, “YouTube Continues to Restrict LGBTQ Content,” Huffington Post, January 17, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/youtube-continues-to-restrict-lgbtq-content_us_5a5e6628e4b03ed177016e90.
118. Stevie Boebi, Twitter, September 19, 2018, 5:16 p.m., https://twitter.com/stevieboebi/status/910296593852596224.
119. Gaby Dunn, Twitter, September 14, 2017, 8:41 p.m., https://twitter.com/gabydunn/status/908536129065967616.
120. Cheves, “The Dangerous Trend of LGBTQ Censorship.”
121. Emma Grey Ellis, “YouTube Continues to Fail Its Queer Creators,” WIRED, June 5, 2019, accessed February 27, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/youtube-carlos-maza.
122. @YouTube, Twitter, June 30, 2018, 9:59 a.m., https://twitter.com/YouTube/status/1013104846428344320.
123. “Your Content & Restricted Mode,” YouTube, accessed June 25, 2019, https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/7354993?hl=en.
124. YouTube, “Your Content & Restricted Mode.”
125. YouTube, “Your Content & Restricted Mode.”
126. Elle Hunt, “LGBT Community Anger Over YouTube Restrictions Which Make Their Videos Invisible,” Guardian, March 19, 2017, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/20/lgbt-community-anger-over-youtube-restrictions-which-make-their-videos-invisible.
127. Rowan Ellis, “YouTube Is Anti-LGBT? (Restricted Content Mode),” YouTube, March 16, 2017, accessed June 25, 2019, https://youtu.be/Zr6pS07mbJc.
128. Calum McSwiggan, “This Video Is Too Gay for Kids,” March 18, 2017, accessed June 25, 2019, https://youtu.be/woilZ9mU2-U.
129. Tyler Oakley, Twitter, March 19, 2017, 12:28 p.m., https://twitter.com/tyleroakley/status/843544801916010496.
130. Bardo, “YouTube Continues to Restrict LGBTQ Content.”
131. @Neonfiona, Twitter, March 16, 2017, 8:06 a.m., https://twitter.com/neonfiona/status/842390135257874432.
132. @melaniietweets, Twitter, March 19, 2017, 3:37 p.m., https://twitter.com/melaniietweets/status/843592387922477059.
133. Gigi Gorgeous, “#ProudToBeRestricted,” March 19, 2017, accessed June 25, 2019, https://youtu.be/7nXtLQERSGk.
134. @SeaineLove, Twitter, March 16, 2017, 7:44 p.m., https://twitter.com/SeaineLove/status/842567309323468802.
135. @YouTube Creators, Twitter, March 19, 2017, 5:01 p.m., https://twitter.com/YTCreators/status/843613347367079937.
136. Barbara Ortutay, “YouTube Reverses Some Restrictions on Gay-Themed Content,” Chicago Tribune, March 20, 2017, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-youtube-lgbt-censorship-wp-bsi-20170320-story.html.
137. “An Update on Restricted Mode,” YouTube Creator Blog, April 21, 2017, accessed June 26, 2019, https://youtube-creators.googleblog.com/2017/04/an-update-on-restricted-mode.html.
138. Megan Farokhmanesh, “YouTube Is Still Restricting and Demonetizing LGBT Videos—and Adding Anti-LGBT Ads to Some.” The Verge, June 4, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/4/17424472/youtube-lgbt-demonetization-ads-algorithm.
139. Farokhmanesh, “YouTube Is Still Restricting and Demonetizing LGBT Videos.”
140. Samantha Cole, “YouTube Removed a Sex Tech Conference for No Reason,” Motherboard, May 7, 2020, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/9359zy/youtube-removed-a-sex-tech-conference-for-no-reason.
141. Emma L. Barratt and Nick J. Davis, “Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR): A Flow-Like Mental State,” PeerJ 3 (2015): e851.
142. Giulia Lara Poerio, Emma Blakey, Thomas J. Hostler, and Theresa Veltri, “More than a Feeling: Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) Is Characterized by Reliable Changes in Affect and Physiology,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 6: e0196645.
143. Barratt and Davis, “Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR).”
144. Barratt and Davis, “Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR).”
145. Elena Cresci, “YouTube ASMR Videos Are under Attack,” Medium, November 15, 2018, accessed June 25, 2019, https://medium.com/s/story/youtube-asmr-videos-are-under-attack-651a0c57aca0.
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147. Melanie Ehrenkranz, “China’s Anti-Porn Task Force Is Banning ASMR Videos,” Gizmodo, June 19, 2018, accessed June 25, 2019, https://gizmodo.com/chinas-anti-porn-task-force-is-banning-asmr-videos-1826952470.
148. Cresci, “YouTube ASMR Videos Are under Attack.”
149. Rchadwick52, “YouTube Censorship for ASMR Is Getting Out of Hand!” Reddit, 2018, accessed June 25, 2019, https://www.reddit.com/r/asmr/comments/6ucf2v/youtube_censorship_for_asmr_is_getting_out_of.
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151. Blue, “Why PayPal’s Crackdown on ASMR Creators.”
152. Arielle Pardes, “Small Sounds, Big Money: The Commercialization of ASMR,” WIRED, June 20, 2019, accessed June 26, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/commercialization-of-asmr.
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155. Pardes, “Small Sounds, Big Money.”
Chapter 4
1. Chris Isidore, “Yahoo Buys Tumblr, Promises to Not ‘Screw It Up,’” CNN, May 20, 2013, accessed July 5, 2019, https://money.cnn.com/2013/05/20/technology/yahoo-buys-tumblr/index.html.
2. Violet Blue, “Adult Tumblr Blogs Now Removed from Every Form of Search Possible,” ZDNet, July 19, 2013, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.zdnet.com/article/adult-tumblr-blogs-now-removed-from-every-form-of-search-possible.
3. Violet Blue, “After Backlash Yahoo’s Tumblr Quietly Restores Adult, NSFW Blogs,” ZDNet, July 21, 2013, accessed July 5, 2019, https://www.zdnet.com/article/after-backlash-yahoos-tumblr-quietly-restores-adult-nsfw-blogs.
4. Blue, “After Backlash.”
5. Yuyu Chen, “‘Nobody at Yahoo Understood Tumblr’: Why Marissa Mayer’s Big Bet on Tumblr Never Panned Out,” Digiday, June 12, 2017, accessed July 5, 2019, https://digiday.com/marketing/tumblr-is-neglected-by-marketers.
6. Ingrid Lunden, “Verizon Closes $4.5B Acquisition of Yahoo, Marissa Mayer Resigns,” TechCrunch, 2017, accessed July 5, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/13/verizon-closes-4-5b-acquisition-of-yahoo-marissa-mayer-resigns-memo.
7. Hanna Kozlowska, “Tumblr Is Banning Porn and Other Adult Content,” Quartz, December 3, 2018, accessed July 5, 2019, https://qz.com/1482821/tumblr-is-banning-porn-and-other-adult-content.
8. Sarah Perez, “Tumblr Rolls Out New Content Filtering Tools with Launch of ‘Safe Mode,’” TechCrunch, June 20, 2017, accessed February 14, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/20/tumblr-rolls-out-new-content-filtering-tools-with-launch-of-safe-mode.
9. Lance Whitney, “The Reason Tumblr Vanished from the Apple App Store: Child Pornography That Slipped through the Filters,” CNET, November 20, 2018, accessed July 5, 2019, https://download.cnet.com/news/the-reason-tumblr-vanished-from-the-app-store-child-pornography-that-slipped-through-the-filters.
10. Luke Barnes, “One Month After Controversial Adult-Content Purge, Far-Right Pages Are Thriving on Tumblr,” ThinkProgress, January 17, 2019, accessed February 13, 2019, https://thinkprogress.org/far-right-content-survived-tumblr-purge-36635e6aba4b/
11. “Adult Content,” Tumblr, accessed July 5, 2019, https://tumblr.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/231885248-Sensitive-content.
12. “A Better, More Positive Tumblr,” Tumblr, December 3, 2018, accessed July 5, 2019, https://staff.tumblr.com/post/180758987165/a-better-more-positive-tumblr.
13. RJ Palmer, Twitter, December 3, 2018, 12:20 p.m., https://twitter.com/arvalis/status/1069687959014625282; @JojoMakes, Twitter, December 5, 2018, 4:55 a.m., https://twitter.com/JojoMakes/status/1070300738503483392; Naomi Edelgard, Twitter, December 5, 2018, 6:29 a.m., https://twitter.com/lucinalu219/status/1070324350115504128; Erika Moen, Twitter, December 3, 2018, 12:50 p.m., https://twitter.com/ErikaMoen/status/1069695308253212672; Rebecca Speas, Twitter, December 4, 2018, 10:37 a.m., https://twitter.com/SpeasySpice/status/1070024415524646913; @aidosaur, Twitter, December 5, 2018, 6:36 a.m., https://twitter.com/aidosaur/status/1070325925085089792; @CitrusFoam, Twitter, December 3, 2018, 12:48 p.m., https://twitter.com/CitrusFoam/status/1069694800868331521; @ruemxu, Twitter, December 3, 2018, 12:35 p.m., https://twitter.com/ruemxu/status/1069691515965005824.
14. Michael Kan, “Tumblr’s Child Porn Crackdown Ensnares Legit Blogs in Purge,” PC Magazine, November 19, 2018, accessed February 19, 2019, https://www.pcmag.com/news/365036/tumblr-purges-blogs-after-getting-delisted-from-app-store.
15. 2stopisshets, Twitter, December 3, 2018, 1:16 p.m., https://twitter.com/stopcishets/status/1069702002484101120.
16. Paris Martineau, “Tumblr’s Porn Ban Reveals Who Controls What We See Online,” WIRED, December 4, 2018, accessed July 5, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/tumblrs-porn-ban-reveals-controls-we-see-online.
17. “Why the Tumblr Ban on ‘Adult Content’ Is Bad for LGBTQ Youth,” CBC Radio, January 11, 2018, accessed February 13, 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/tumblr-ban-on-adult-content-bad-for-lgbtq-youth-1.4973385.
18. CBC Radio, “Why the Tumblr Ban.”
19. John Paul Brammer, “‘I Fear the Loss of Community’: Tumblr’s New ‘Adult Content’ Rules Worry LGBTQ Users,” NBC News, December 5, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/i-fear-loss-community-tumblr-s-new-adult-content-rules-n944196.
20. Tim Highfield and Stefanie Duguay, “‘Like a Monkey with a Miniature Cymbal’: Cultural Practices of Repetition in Visual Social Media,” AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research 5 (2015).
21. Stefanie Duguay, “Why Tumblr’s Ban on Adult Content Is Bad for LGBTQ Youth,” The Conversation, December 6, 2018, accessed February 13, 2019, https://theconversation.com/why-tumblrs-ban-on-adult-content-is-bad-for-lgbtq-youth-108215.
22. Avery Dame, “Making a Name for Yourself: Tagging as Transgender Ontological Practice on Tumblr,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 33, no. 1 (2016): 23–37.
23. Shannon Liao, “Tumblr’s Adult Content Ban Means the Death of Unique Blogs That Explore Sexuality,” The Verge, December 6, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/6/18124260/tumblr-porn-ban-sexuality-blogs-unique.
24. Ana Valens, “NSFW Artists Speak Out as Their Accounts Are Suddenly ‘Purged’ on Tumblr,” The Daily Dot, November 20, 2018, accessed July 5, 2019, https://www.dailydot.com/irl/tumblr-nsfw-artists-purged-child-porn.
25. As a refresher, mainstream heteroporn is the term I use to denote the normative version of pornography produced in San Fernando Valley by professionalized production companies that increasingly focuses on gonzo and POV pornography. It is what is most often referenced in mainstream discourse as pornography writ large and the frequent subject of criticism because of its representations of misogyny, heteronormativity, and for its labor relations. Oddly, while it is taken as representative of pornography writ large in most of our public discourse, it is rarely the focus of academic porn studies.
26. Vex Ashley, “Porn on Tumblr—a Eulogy/Love Letter,” Medium, December 6, 2018, accessed January 27, 2020, https://medium.com/@vexashley/porn-on-tumblr-a-eulogy-love-letter-6d45e70fefff [emphasis in original].
27. Martineau, “Tumblr’s Porn Ban.”
28. Martineau, “Tumblr’s Porn Ban.”
