The digital closet, p.32

The Digital Closet, page 32

 

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  24. Tim Schneider, “The Gray Market: Why Art Censorship Is Built Into Facebook’s DNA (and Other Insights),” Artnet, March 5, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://news.artnet.com/market/gray-market-facebook-art-censorship-1235822.

  25. Michael Stokes, “The (Straight) Male Gaze Rules on Sanitized Social Media,” Advocate, December 11, 2018, accessed February 11, 2019, https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2018/12/11/straight-male-gaze-rules-sanitized-social-media.

  26. Images with broken links were not used for the study, leading to a final number of ninety-six images for each dataset.

  27. Tom White, “About,” Nips4Creativity, December 8, 2017, accessed July 6, 2019, http://nips4creativity.com/art/tom-white.

  28. Tom White, “Synthetic Abstractions,” Medium, August 23, 2018, accessed July 6, 2019, https://medium.com/@tom_25234/synthetic-abstractions-8f0e8f69f390; Tom White, “Perception Engines,” Medium, April 4, 2018, accessed July 6, 2019, https://medium.com/artists-and-machine-intelligence/perception-engines-8a46bc598d57

  29. “eroGANous,” Tumblr, accessed July 6, 2019, https://eroganous.tumblr.com.

  30. Jason Bailey, “AI Artists Expose ‘Kinks’ in Algorithmic Censorship,” Artnome, December 11, 2018, accessed August 25, 2020, https://www.artnome.com/news/2018/12/6/ai-artists-expose-kinks-in-algorithmic-censorship.

  31. Jake Elwes, “Machine Learning Porn,” JakeElwes.com, 2016, accessed August 25, 2020, https://www.jakeelwes.com/project-MLPorn.html.

  32. Jason Bailey, “AI Art Just Got Awesome,” Artnome, April 5, 2018, accessed August 25, 2020, https://www.artnome.com/news/2018/3/29/ai-art-just-got-awesome.

  33. Jason Bailey, “AI Artists Expose ‘Kinks.’”

  34. Chris Brickell, “Sexuality, Power and the Sociology of the Internet.” Current Sociology 60, no. 1 (2011): 28–44.

  35. Jane D. Brown and Kelly L. L’Engle, “X-Rated: Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with U.S. Early Adolescents’ Exposure to Sexually Explicit Media,” Communication Research 36, no. 1 (February 2009): 129–151.

  36. Roger Lancaster, Sex Panic and the Punitive State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).

  37. Feona Attwood, Clarissa Smith and Martin Barker, “‘I’m Just Curious and Still Exploring Myself’: Young People and Pornography,” New Media & Society 20, no. 10 (October 2018): 3738–3759; Azy Barak and William A. Fisher, “The Future of Internet Sexuality,” in Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians, ed. Al Cooper (New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2002), 263–280; Sylvain C. Boies, Gail Knudson, and Julian Young, “The Internet, Sex, and Youths: Implications for Sexual Development,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 343–363; Al Cooper, Sylvain Boies, Marlene Maheu, and David Greenfield, “Internet Sexuality: The Next Sexual Revolution,” in Psychological Perspectives on Human Sexuality, ed. Lenore T. Szuchman and Frank Muscarella (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), 519–545. Kristian Daneback, Sven-Axel Månsson, Michael W. Ross, and Christine M. Markham, “The Internet as a Source of Information about Sexuality,” Sex Education: Sexuality, Society and Learning 12, no. 5 (2012): 583–598; Kristian Daneback, Michael W. Ross and Sven-Axel Månsson, “Characteristics and Behaviours of Sexual Compulsives Who Use the Internet for Sexual Purposes,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 13, no. 1 (2006): 53–67; Nicola M. Döring, “The Internet’s Impact on Sexuality: A Critical Review of 15 Years of Research,” Computers in Human Behavior 25, no. 5 (2009): 1089–1101; Eric W. Owens, Richard J. Behun, Jill C. Manning, and Rory C. Reid, “The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review of the Research,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 19, no. 1–2 (January 1, 2012): 99–122.

  38. Daneback, Månsson, Ross, and Markham, “The Internet as a Source of Information about Sexuality”; Daneback, Ross, and Månsson, “Characteristics and Behaviours of Sexual Compulsives.”

  39. Amber Madison, “When Social-Media Companies Censor Sex Education,” Atlantic, March 4, 2015, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/03/when-social-media-censors-sex-education/385576.

  40. Amber Madison, “When Social-Media Companies Censor.”

  41. See Melissa White, “Condom Love: Find Out How Amazing Safer Sex Can Be,” Bedsider, April 28, 2014, accessed June 25, 2019, https://www.bedsider.org/features/332-condom-love-find-out-how-amazing-safer-sex-can-be.

  42. Amber Madison, “When Social-Media Companies Censor.”

  43. Jillian C. York, “Adult Content Policies: A Textbook Case of Private Censorship,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, December 7, 2017, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/12/adult-content-policies-textbook-private-censorship-fail.

  44. Jillian C. York, “Adult Content Policies.”

  45. Violet Blue, “Timeline: Google’s Role in Global Sex Censorship,” ZDNet. February 24, 2015, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.zdnet.com/article/timeline-googles-role-in-global-sex-censorship.

  46. Susannah Fox and Maeve Duggan, “Health Online 2013,” Pew Research Center, January 15, 2013, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/01/15/health-online-2013.

  47. Amber Madison, “When Social-Media Companies Censor.”

  48. Sirin Kale, “Sex Ed Vloggers Say YouTube Is Censoring Their Videos,” VICE, May 15, 2018, accessed June 25, 2019, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9k89wv/sex-ed-vloggers-say-youtube-is-censoring-their-videos.

  49. It is worth noting that the term bisexual is not used to describe MMF threesomes or larger group sex scenes in mainstream porn and only begins to appear in LGBTQI+ porn when men penetrate one another in these scenes.

  50. Michelle Garcia, “Google Removes ‘Bisexual’ from Its List of Dirty Words,” Advocate, September 11, 2012, accessed June 27, 2018, https://www.advocate.com/society/technology/2012/09/11/google-removes-bisexual-its-list-dirty-words. Cf. Faith Cheltenham, “Google’s Bisexual Problem,” Huffington Post, July 18, 2012, accessed June 27, 2018, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/faith-cheltenham/google-instant-search-bisexual_b_1682654.html; “Google Unlocks ‘Bisexual’ from Auto Complete and Instant Search Functions: Report,” Huffington Post, September 11, 2012, accessed June 27, 2019, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/11/google-bisexual-auto-complete-instant-search_n_1872252.html.

  51. John Cheney-Lippold, We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves (New York: NYU Press, 2017), 52.

  52. Attwood, Smith, and Barker, “‘I’m Just Curious and Still Exploring Myself’”; Daneback, Månsson, Ross, and Markham, “The Internet as a Source of Information about Sexuality”; Daneback, Kristian, Bente Træen, and Sven-Axel Månsson, “Use of Pornography in a Random Sample of Norwegian Heterosexual Couples,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 38, no. 5 (2009): 746–753; Jonathan James McCreadie Lillie, “Cyberporn, Sexuality, and the Net Apparatus,” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 10, no. 1 (2004): 43–54.

  53. Sylvain C. Boies, “University Students’ Uses of and Reactions to Online Sexual Information and Entertainment: Links to Online and Offline Sexual Behavior,” The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 11, no. 2 (2002): 77–89; Boies, Knudson, and Young, “The Internet, Sex, and Youths”; Daneback, Månsson, Ross, and Markham, “The Internet as a Source of Information about Sexuality,” 594.

  54. Attwood, Smith, and Barker, “‘I’m Just Curious and Still Exploring Myself’”; Boies, “University Students’ Uses of and Reactions to Online Sexual Information”; Boies, Knudson, and Young, “The Internet, Sex, and Youths”; Alvain Cooper, Dana E. Putnam, Lynn A. Planchon, and Sylvain C. Boies, “Online Sexual Compulsivity: Getting Tangled in the Net,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 79–104; Daneback, Månsson, Ross, and Markham, “The Internet as a Source of Information about Sexuality”; Kristian Daneback and Cecilia Löfberg, “Youth, Sexuality and the Internet: Young People’s Use of the Internet to Learn about Sexuality,” in Youth Culture and Net Culture: Online Social Practices, ed. Elza Dunkels, Gun-Marie Franberg, and Camilla Hallgren (Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2011), 190–206; Döring, “The Internet’s Impact on Sexuality”; Lynne Hillier and Lyn Harrison, “Building Realities Less Limited Than Their Own: Young People Practising Same-Sex Attraction on the Internet,” Sexualities 10, no. 1 (February 2007): 82–100; Lillie, “Cyberporn, Sexuality, and the Net Apparatus”; Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, and John A. Bargh, “Coming Out in the Age of the Internet: Identity ‘Demarginalization’ through Virtual Group Participation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 3 (1998): 681–694; Mark McLelland, Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield), 187; Michael W. Ross and Michael R. Kauth, “Men Who Have Sex with Men, and the Internet: Emerging Clinical Issues and their Management,” in Sex and the Internet: A Guide Book for Clinicians, ed. Al Cooper (New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2002) 47–71.

  55. Döring, “The Internet’s Impact on Sexuality,” 1097.

  56. Attwood, Smith, and Barker, “‘I’m Just Curious and Still Exploring Myself’,” 3747.

  57. It might be worth noting that studies of this sort on adolescent web use are relatively rare, even though researchers have found that conducting them doesn’t seem to increase adolescent pornography consumption. See Goran Koletić, Nicole Cohen, Aleksandar Štulhofer, and Taylor Kohut, “Does Asking Adolescents about Pornography Make Them Use It? A Test of the Question-Behavior Effect,” Journal of Sex Research 56 (2018): 1–5.

  58. Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act of 2017, H.R.1865.

  59. Ann Wagner, “Wagner: FOSTA Delivers Real Results for the American People,” July 25, 2018, accessed February 20, 2019, https://youtu.be/pT8fDASTI4I.

  60. Violet Blue, “Congress Just Legalized Sex Censorship: What to Know,” Engadget, March 30, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/30/congress-just-legalized-sex-censorship-what-to-know.

  61. “ACLU Vote Recommendation to Congress: Oppose H. R. 1865—The ‘Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act’ (FOSTA),” ACLU, February 26, 2018, accessed February 20, 2019, https://www.aclu.org/letter/aclu-vote-recommendation-congress-oppose-h-r-1865-allow-states-and-victims-fight-online-sex; Stephen E. Boyd, Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice, Letter to Robert W. Goodlatte, Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, February 27, 2018, accessed February 20, 2019, https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4390361/Views-Ltr-Re-H-R-1865-Allow-States-and-Victims.pdf.

  62. Blue, “Congress Just Legalized Sex Censorship.”

  63. CompTIA, Computer and Communications Industry Association, Interactive Advertising Bureau, Internet Association, Internet Commerce Coalition, Internet Infrastructure Coalition, NetChoice, Software & Information Industry Association, Tech: NYC and the Internet Society, Letter to Rob Portman, Chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, U.S. Senate and Richard Blumenthal, U.S. Senate, August 2, 2017, accessed February 20, 2019, https://cdn1.internetassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/S1693-Association-Letter-08-02-2017.pdf.

  64. “Statement in Support of the Bipartisan Compromise to the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act,” Internet Association, November 3, 2017, accessed February 20, 2019, https://internetassociation.org/statement-in-support-of-the-bipartisan-compromise-to-stop-enabling-sex-trafficking-act-sesta.

  65. Elizabeth Nolan Brown, “Facebook Supported ‘Sex Trafficking’ Law FOSTA to Cozy Up to Republican Critics: Reason Roundup,” Reason, November 15, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019, https://reason.com/blog/2018/11/15/how-facebook-sold-out-sex-workers; Sheera Frenkel, Nicholas Confessore, Cecilia Kang, Matthew Rosenberg, and Jack Nicas, “Delay, Deny and Deflect: How Facebook’s Leaders Fought through the Crisis,” New York Times, November 14, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/technology/facebook-data-russia-election-racism.html.

  66. “Power of FOSTA-SESTA Felt within 48 Hours of Senate Passage: Websites Move Swiftly to Shutter Prostitution Ads,” NCOSE, March 3, 2018, accessed February 16, 2019, https://endsexualexploitation.org/articles/power-fosta-sesta-felt-within-48-hours-senate-passage-websites-move-swiftly-shutter-prostitution-ads.

  67. Elizabeth Nolan Brown, “The New Law That Killed Craigslist’s Personals Could End the Web as We’ve Known It,” Daily Beast, March 23, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-new-law-that-killed-craigslists-personals-could-end-the-web-as-weve-known-it.

  68. Elliot Harmon, “Sex Trafficking Experts Say SESTA Is the Wrong Solution,” EFF, October 3, 2017, accessed February 20, 2019, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/10/sex-trafficking-experts-say-sesta-wrong-solution.

  69. M. G. Siegler, “Steve Jobs Reiterates: ‘Folks Who Want Porn Can Buy an Android Phone,” TechCrunch, 2010, accessed February 14, 2019, https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/19/steve-jobs-android-porn.

  70. Violet Blue, “How Sex Censorship Killed the Internet We Love,” Engadget, January 31, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.engadget.com/2019/01/31/sex-censorship-killed-internet-fosta-sesta.

  71. Michael Keller, “The Apple ‘Kill List’: What Your iPhone Doesn’t Want You to Type,” Daily Beast, July 16, 2013, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-apple-kill-list-what-your-iphone-doesnt-want-you-to-type.

  72. Keller, “The Apple ‘Kill List.’”

  73. Megan Carpentier, “10 Things the iPhone Siri Will Help You Get Instead of an Abortion,” RawStory, November 29, 2011, accessed June 27, 2019, https://www.rawstory.com/2011/11/10-things-the-iphone-siri-will-help-you-get-instead-of-an-abortion.

  74. Nick Wilson, E. Jane MacDonald, Osman David Mansoor, and Jane Morgan, “In Bed with Siri and Google Assistant: A Comparison of Sexual Health Advice,” BMJ (2017): 1–7.

  75. Adam S. Miner, Arnold Milstein, Stephen Schueller, Roshini Hedge, Christina Mangurian, and Eleni Linos, “Smartphone-Based Conversational Agents and Responses to Questions about Mental Health, Interpersonal Violence, and Physical Health,” JAMA Internal Medicine 176, no. 5 (2016): 619–624.

  76. Emily Chang, Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boy’s Club of Silicon Valley (New York: Penguin, 2018), 8–9.

  77. Keller, “The Apple ‘Kill List.’”

  78. Mariella Moon, “Instagram Blames Apple for Strict Anti-Nudity Stance,” Engadget, October 4, 2015, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/04/instagram-apple-freethenipple.

  79. Nick Drewe, “The Hilarious List of Hashtags Instagram Won’t Let You Search,” Data Pack, May 10, 2016, accessed February 13, 2019, http://thedatapack.com/banned-instagram-hashtags-update.

  80. Drewe, “The Hilarious List of Hashtags.”

  81. Drewe, “The Hilarious List of Hashtags.”

  82. Leila Ettachfini, “Users Accuse Instagram of Censoring Hashtags about Sex Work and Women,” VICE, May 29, 2018, accessed February 14, 2019, https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/xwmg3j/instagram-sesta-fosta-censorship-hashtag-woman.

  83. @SexSchoolHub, Sex School, Twitter , January 26, 2019, 7:01 a.m., https://twitter.com/SexSchoolHub/status/1089176609792376834.

  84. Stefanie Duguay, Jean Burgess, and Nicolas Suzor, “Queer Women’s Experiences of Patchwork Platform Governance on Tinder, Instagram, and Vine,” Convergence 26, no. 2 (April 2020): 237–252.

  85. Alexander Cheves, “The Dangerous Trend of LGBTQ censorship on the Internet,” Out, December 6, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2018/12/06/dangerous-trend-lgbtq-censorship-internet.

  86. Daniel Villarreal, “Instagram Just Banned Longtime Gay Historian Tom Bianchi, & It’s Part of a Troubling Anti-Gay Trend,” LGBTQ Nation, February 2, 2019, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2019/02/instagram-just-banned-longtime-gay-historian-tom-bianchi-part-troubling-anti-gay-trend.

  87. Quoted in Villarreal, “Instagram Just Banned Longtime Gay Historian.”

  88. David Grant, “Instagram Deleted These Pics of Antoni for Neing ‘pornographic’; Photographer Speaks Out,” QUEERTY*, December 17, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.queerty.com/instagram-deleted-pics-antoni-pornographic-photographer-speaks-20181217.

  89. Graham Gremore, “The Warwick Rowers Are Pissed about Having These Images Censored from Their Instagram Page,” QUEERTY*, December 18, 2018, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.queerty.com/warwick-rowers-pissed-images-censored-instagram-page-20181218.

  90. Jeff Taylor, “This Lesbian Couple Is Fighting Back after Instagram Deleted a Post Celebrating Their Love,” LGBTQ Nation, December 1, 2017, accessed January 30, 2021, https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/12/lesbian-couple-fighting-back-instagram-deleted-post-celebrating-love.

  91. Jim Milliot, “Nook Terminating Accounts of Erotica Writers,” Publishers Weekly, August 23, 2017, accessed February 20, 2019, https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/content-and-e-books/article/74561-nook-terminating-accounts-of-erotica-authors.html.

 

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