A World Beneath the Sands, page 42
74. Reid (2002): 183.
75. Cromer to Lord Rosebery, quoted in Mansfield (1971): 151.
76. Caillard (1935): 145.
77. Reid (2002): 185.
78. French foreign ministry archives, Correspondance politique, vol. 117, fol. 279, MAE to Cairo, 13 May 1890, quoted in Reid (2002): 182.
79. French foreign ministry archives, Cagordan to MAE, 19 March 1898 and 18 May 1899, quoted in Reid (2002): 185.
80. Petrie to Maspero, 11 April 1898, quoted in David (1999): 192.
81. Loret to Maspero, 17 October 1898, quoted in David (1999): 192.
82. Mansfield (1971): 79.
NINE: Egypt and America
1. Davis to Harvard professor David G. Lyon, 1 March 1902, quoted in Adams (2013): 57–8.
2. Kalfatovic (2001): 240.
3. Reid (2002): 75.
4. Kalfatovic (2001): 241.
5. Quoted in Kalfatovic (2001): 248.
6. Wilson (1964): 58.
7. According to Naville, quoted in Bierbrier (ed.) (2012): 515.
8. Wilson (1964): 64.
9. Reid (2002): 198.
10. John Russell Young, quoted in Kalfatovic (2001): 244.
11. Recueil des Travaux (1890).
12. Quoted in Wilson (1964): 105.
13. Letter of Charles Wilbour, quoted in Wilson (1964): 104.
14. Breasted (1948): 25.
15. Breasted (1948): 37.
16. Breasted (1948): 45.
17. Breasted (1948): 50.
18. Abt (2011): 35.
19. Breasted (1948): 84.
20. Breasted (1948): 46.
21. Breasted (1948): 71.
22. Breasted (1948): 68.
23. Breasted (1948): 132.
24. Breasted (1948): 70.
25. Breasted (1948): 69.
26. Breasted (1948): 78.
27. Breasted (1948): 79.
28. Breasted (1948): 78.
29. Letter from Cairo, 24 January 1895, quoted in Tyldesley (2005): 214.
30. Quoted in Abt (2011): 51.
31. Breasted (1948): 87.
32. Breasted (1948): 96.
33. Breasted (1948): 93.
34. Breasted (1948): 103; see also Wilson (1964): 140.
35. Breasted (1948): 128.
36. Abt (2011): 136.
37. Breasted (1948): 184.
38. Breasted (1948): 189–91.
39. Wilson (1964): 136.
40. Breasted (1948): 185.
41. Breasted (1948): 173.
42. Wilson (1964): 137.
43. Quoted in Abt (2011): 228.
44. Abt (2011): 233.
45. Breasted (1948): 304.
46. Breasted (1948): 5–6.
47. Maspero to Henri Cordier, 17 January 1900, quoted in David (1999): 204.
48. Reid (2002): 195.
49. Petrie, Journal, I, xvii (Abydos 1902–3), entry for 17 November 1902, quoted in Drower (1985): 301.
50. Reid (2002): 3.
51. Quoted in David (1999): 259.
52. Barsanti, 8 March 1910, quoted in David (1999): 214.
53. Petrie, paper to the Royal Society of Arts, quoted in Drower (1985): 337.
54. Caillard (1935): 153.
55. Caillard (1935): 155.
56. Sayce (1923): 338.
57. Caillard (1935): 156.
58. Reid (2002): 204.
59. Wilson (1964): 129.
60. Wilson (1964): 145.
61. Wilson (1964): 145.
62. Wilson (1964): 148.
63. Doyon (2015): 149.
64. Wilson (1964): 149.
65. Adams (2013): 90.
66. Davis to David G. Lyon, 23 June 1902, quoted in Adams (2013): 58.
67. Adams (2013): 5–6.
68. Adams (2013): 67.
69. Davis (1906): xii–xiii.
70. Davis (1906): xiii.
71. Davis (1907): xxv.
72. Davis (1907): xxviii.
73. Quoted in Adams (2013): 13.
74. Adams (2013): 8.
75. Quoted in Adams (2013): 22–3.
76. Weigall (1923): 130.
77. Adams (2013): 105–6.
78. Davis (1907): xxx.
79. Adams (2013): 130.
80. Tyndale (1907): 3.
81. Quoted in Adams (2013): 77.
82. Quoted in Adams (2013): 76.
83. Wilkinson and Platt (2017).
84. Quoted in Adams (2013): 273–4.
85. Davis to Nellie Knagenhjelm, 20 January 1908, quoted in Adams (2013): 201–2.
86. Evening News, Ada, Oklahoma, 10 April 1908, quoted in Adams (2013): 212.
87. Joseph Lindon Smith, quoted in Wilson (1964): 123.
88. Adams (2013): 172.
TEN: Imperial ambitions
1. Maspero (2003): xii.
2. Quoted in David (1999): 180.
3. Marchand (2009): 158.
4. Marchand (2009): 352.
5. Quoted in Thissen (2006): 195.
6. Marchand (2009): 158.
7. Marchand (2009): 195.
8. Marchand (2009): 203.
9. Thissen (2006): 198.
10. Thissen (2006): 200.
11. Marchand (2009): 339.
12. Gertzen (2015): 40.
13. Reid (2002): 13.
14. Weigall (1923): 132.
15. Wilson (1964): 127.
16. Gertzen (2015): 38–9.
17. Wilson (1964): 110.
18. Drower (1985): 280.
19. Maspero (2003): xii.
20. Maspero (2003): 516 (diary, Cairo, 29 October 1911).
21. Maspero (2003): 542.
22. Mansfield (1971): 110, 115.
23. Quoted in Mansfield (1971): 133.
24. Mansfield (1971): 148.
25. Owen (1981): 226.
26. Owen (1981): 219.
27. Mitchell (1988): 16.
28. Caillard (1935): 139.
29. Quoted in Mitchell (1988): 175.
30. Rennell Rodd, Social and Diplomatic Memories 1894–1901, (London, 1922–5), 16, quoted in Mansfield (1971): 63.
31. Caillard (1935): 149.
32. Mitchell (1988): 97.
33. Caillard (1935): 127.
34. Caillard (1935): 125.
35. Grandfather of the one-time UN Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros Ghali.
36. Mansfield (1971): 188.
37. Quoted in Colla (2007): 101.
38. ‘Al-Athar al-qadima’: 17, 14, quoted in Colla (2007): 149, 150.
39. Mansfield (1971): 201.
40. Quoted in Adams (2013): 213.
41. Briggs (1918): 17.
42. Sattin (1988): 204.
43. Briggs (1918): 5.
44. Briggs (1918): 28.
45. Briggs (1918): 37.
46. Briggs (1918): 177, 272.
47. Breasted (1948): 232.
48. Wilson (1964): 142.
49. Petrie (1931): 236.
50. Petrie (1931): 240.
51. Gardiner to Erman, 19 August 1920 and 3 September 1920, quoted in Gertzen (2015): 42 and 44, respectively.
52. Gertzen (2015): 46.
53. Quoted in Gertzen (2015): 45.
54. Evans (1919).
55. Evans (1919).
56. Petrie (1931): 269.
57. Caillard (1935): 226.
58. Wilson (1964): 127.
59. Mansfield (1971): 232.
60. Caillard (1935): 225.
61. All quotes from Cecil (1921); specific quotations are from pages 15, 9, 71, 117, 79 and 272, respectively.
ELEVEN: Wonderful things
1. Carter’s journal entry for 26 November 1922, reproduced in Collins and McNamara (2014): 29.
2. Davis (1912): 3.
3. Davis (1912): 3.
4. Maspero (1912): 111–12.
5. Maspero (1912): 123.
6. Adams (2013): 302.
7. In his entry for Who’s Who, Carter claimed to have been born in Swaffham, Norfolk, on 9 May 1873; in fact, he was born in Brompton, London, exactly one year later. It is not clear whether the mistake was accidental or deliberate.
8. Quoted in Drower (1985): 194.
9. Maspero, letter to Naville, 5 January 1900, quoted in Reeves and Wilkinson (1996): 70.
10. Emma Andrews’s diary, 13 January 1903, quoted in Reeves and Wilkinson (1996): 72.
11. Davis (1906): xii–xiii.
12. Emma Andrews’s diary, 17 January 1902, quoted in Reeves and Wilkinson (1996): 70.
13. Telegram from Carter to Cromer, 8 January 1905, illustrated in Reeves (1990): 42.
14. Griffith Institute, Carter archive, VI, autobiographical sketch, quoted in Reeves (1990): 42.
15. Letter from Ferdinand Platt to his wife, Luxor, 22 January 1908, quoted in Wilkinson and Platt (2017): 108–9.
16. Fagan (2004): 686.
17. Sources differ as to whether the accident took place in 1901 or 1903.
18. Fagan (2015): 57.
19. Quoted by Carnarvon’s sister, Lady Burghclere, in Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 29.
20. Carnarvon to Weigall, quoted in Adams (2013): 169.
21. Lindon Smith (1956): 79–80.
22. Carnarvon to Weigall, 14 April 1907, quoted in Reeves (1990): 48.
23. Carnarvon and Carter (1912): preface.
24. Letter from Newberry to Gardiner, 25 December 1947, Griffith Institute, Gardiner archive, quoted in Reeves (1990): 46.
25. Carnarvon and Carter (1912): 1.
26. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 75.
27. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 78.
28. Fagan (2004): 687.
29. Gardiner to Erman, 15 August 1921, quoted in Gertzen (2015): 45.
30. Bierbrier (ed.), (2012): 585.
31. Wilson (1964): 186.
32. Quoted in Drower (1985): 266.
33. Weigall (1923): 11.
34. Weigall (1923): 15.
35. Weigall (1923): 16.
36. Weigall (1923): 126–7.
37. Weigall (1923): 19.
38. Weigall (1923): 23.
39. Weigall (1923): 97.
40. Weigall (1923): 97–8.
41. Weigall (1923): 280.
42. Weigall (1923): 98.
43. Reid (2015): 165.
44. Petrie (1931): 249.
45. Drower (1985): 356.
46. Drower (1985): 356.
47. Weigall (1923): 135.
48. Quoted in Piacentini (2009): 430.
49. Weigall (1923): 130–1.
50. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 89–90.
51. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 91.
52. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 91.
53. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 92.
54. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 94.
55. Quoted in Collins and McNamara (2014): 28–32.
56. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 95–6.
57. Carnarvon (1923)
58. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 97.
59. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 94.
60. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 97.
61. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 100.
62. Carnarvon to Gardiner, 28 November 1922, quoted in Collins and McNamara (2014): 32–4.
63. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 105.
64. Carnarvon to Gardiner, 28 November 1922, quoted in Collins and McNamara (2014): 32–4.
65. Carnarvon to Gardiner, 28 November 1922, quoted in Collins and McNamara (2014): 34.
66. Breasted (1948): 325.
67. Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 150.
68. Breasted (1948): 325.
69. Reid (2015): 159.
70. Colla (2007): 177.
71. Reid (2002): 293.
72. Abt (2011): 312.
EPILOGUE: The future of the past
1. Weigall (1923): 27.
2. New York Times, 18 February 1923, quoted in Collins and McNamara (2014): 63.
3. Colla (2007): 206.
4. Colla (2007): 273.
5. Reeves (2000) passim.
6. Weigall (1923): 27.
7. Gardiner, My Early Years, 68, quoted in Reeves (1990): 62.
8. Tyldesley (2012) passim.
9. Winifred, Lady Burghclere, in Carter and Mace (1922–3), I: 1.
10. Abt (2011): 317–27.
11. Reid (2015): 165.
Bibliography
Abt, Jeffrey, American Egyptologist: The Life of James Henry Breasted and the Creation of His Oriental Institute, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2011
Adams, John M., The Millionaire and the Mummies: Theodore Davis’s Gilded Age in the Valley of the Kings, New York: St Martin’s Press, 2013
Ahmed, Leila, Edward W. Lane: A Study of His Life and Works and of British Ideas of the Middle East in the Nineteenth Century, London and New York: Longman, 1978
Anon., Voyage Made in the Year 1589 from Cairo to Ebrim by Way of the Nile, 1589
———‘Observations météorologiques faites à l’observatoire royal de Paris dans le mois de Septembre 1822’, in Journal de physique, de chimie, d’histoire naturelle, pp. 318–19, http://www/gallica/bnf.fr, accessed 11 March 2018
Baring, Evelyn, Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols, London: Macmillan, 1908
Belzoni, G., Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations, in Egypt and Nubia, and of a Journey to the Coast of the Red Sea, in Search of the Ancient Berenice; and another to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon, London: John Murray, 1820, second edition, 1821
Bierbrier, Morris L., ‘Art and antiquities for government’s sake’, in David Jeffreys (ed.), Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: imperialism, colonialism and modern appropriations, pp. 69–76, London: UCL Press, 2003
———(ed.), Who Was Who in Egyptology, fourth revised edition, London: the Egypt Exploration Society, 2012
Birch, Samuel, J. Bonomi, G. R. Gliddon, A. C. Harris and W. H. F. Talbot, The Talbotype applied to Hieroglyphics, Reading: Talbot, 1846
Blake, Robert, Disraeli’s Grand Tour: Benjamin Disraeli and the Holy Land 1830–31, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1982
Blumenthal, Elke, ‘Carl Peter Lepsius und die Ägypten-Expedition des Sohnes’, in Elke Freier and Walter F. Reineke (eds), Karl Richard Lepsius (1810–84): Akten der Tagung anläßlich seines 100. Todestages, 10–12.7.1984 in Halle, pp. 133–66, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988
Blunt, Wilfred S., The Secret History of the English Occupation of Egypt, Stroud/Dublin: Nonsuch Publishing, 2007 (first published 1907)
Bonomi, Joseph and Francis Arundale, Gallery of Antiquities Selected from the British Museum, London: John Weale, 1842–3
Breasted, Charles, Pioneer to the Past: The Story of James Henry Breasted, Archaeologist, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1948
Briggs, Martin S., Through Egypt in War-Time, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1918
Budge, E. A. Wallis, ‘Description of the tombs of Mechu, Ben, and Se-Renpu, discovered by Major-General Sir F. Grenfell in 1885’, The Times, 28 January 1887, p. 13
Budge, Sir E. A. Wallis, By Nile and Tigris: A narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British Museum between the years 1886 and 1913, 2 vols, London: John Murray, 1920
Burton, Sir Richard, ‘Giovanni Battista Belzoni’, Cornhill Magazine, 42 (July 1880), pp. 39–40
Caillard, Mabel, A Lifetime in Egypt 1876–1935, London: Grant Richards, 1935
Caminos, Ricardo A., ‘Peasants’, in Sergio Donadoni (ed.), The Egyptians, tr. Robert Bianchi, Anna Lisa Crone, Charles Lambert and Thomas Ritter, pp. 1–30, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1997
Carnarvon, The Earl of, ‘The Treasures of Luxor: Lord Carnarvon’s Account’, The Times, 12 January 1923, p. 10
Carnarvon, The Earl of and Howard Carter, Five Years’ Explorations at Thebes, London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne: Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press, 1912
Carter, Howard and Arthur C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen, 3 vols, London: Cassell, 1922–3
Cecil, Lord Edward, The Leisure of an Egyptian Official, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1921
Ceram, C. W., Gods, Graves, and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology, second edition, London: Book Club Associates, 1978
Champollion, Jean-François, Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens, ou Recherches sur les élémens premiers de cette écriture sacrée, sur leurs diverses combinaisons, et sur les rapports de ce système avec les autres méthodes graphiques égyptiennes, Paris: Treuttel et Würtz, 1824
———(ed. H. Hartleben), Lettres et journaux écrits pendant le voyage d’Egypte, Paris: Christian Bourgois, English tr. Martin Rynja (2009), The Code-Breaker’s Secret Diaries: The Perilous Expedition through plague-ridden Egypt to uncover the ancient mysteries of the hieroglyphs, London: Gibson Square, 1986
Champollion-Figeac, Aimé, Les Deux Champollion, Leur vie et leurs oeuvres, leur correspondance archéologique relative au Dauphiné et à l’Egypte: Etude complète de biographie et de bibliographie 1778–1867, Grenoble: Xavier Drevet, 1887
Clark, Christopher, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947, London: Allen Lane, 2006
Clarke, Edward D., Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, vol. 3, London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies, by R. Watts, 1814
Colla, Elliott, Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity, Durham NC and London: Duke University Press, 2007
Collins, Paul and Liam McNamara, Discovering Tutankhamun, Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 2014
Cone, Polly (ed.), Wonderful Things: The Discovery of Tutankhamun’s Tomb, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976
Cook, Thomas & Son, Programme of Cook’s International Tickets to Egypt including The Nile to the Second Cataract, Philae, Luxor, Thebes, Assouan, Aboo Simbel, &c., &c. Also particulars of arrangements for Steamers and Dahabeahs, With maps and plans of steamers. Under the special and exclusive contracts and arrangements of Thos. Cook & Son, sole owners of the only First Class Tourist Steamers specially built for the Nile (Price Sixpence, Post Free), London: Thomas Cook & Son, 1887
David, Elisabeth, Gaston Maspero 1846–1916, Le gentleman égyptologue, Paris: Pygmalion/Gérard Watelet, 1999
Davis, Theodore M., The Tomb of Hâtshopsîtû, London: Constable & Co., 1906
———The Tomb of Iouiya and Touiyou, London: Constable & Co., 1907
———The Tomb of Queen Tîyi, London: Constable & Co., 1910
———The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou, London: Constable & Co., 1912
