Betrayal in Berlin, page 51
GBD—Gillian Blake draft, IWM
HI—Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Stanford University
int—interview
IWM—Imperial War Museum, London
JFK—John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, Massachusetts
LHC—Liddell Hart Centre, King’s College London, The Cold War, Television Documentary Archive
NAUK—National Archives of the United Kingdom
ND—Neues Deutschland
NOC—George Blake, No Other Choice
NYT—New York Times
OFL—On the Front Lines of the Cold War: Documents on the Intelligence War in Berlin
RWP—Robert Williamson Papers
Stasi—Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, Berlin
SV int—author interview
WP—Washington Post
Selected Bibliography
This list includes books and articles cited multiple times in the text. All others are listed in the notes.
Books
Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America, and Cold War Secret Intelligence. 2001. New York: Overlook Press, 2002.
Andrew, Christopher. Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
———. For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. New York: HarperCollins, 1996.
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990.
Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
Ashley, Clarence. CIA SpyMaster. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 2004.
Bagley, Tennent H. Spy Wars: Moles, Mysteries, and Deadly Games. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
———. Spymaster: Startling Cold War Revelations of a Soviet KGB Chief. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013.
Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency. New York: Anchor, 2002.
Beschloss, Michael R. Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
Blake, George. No Other Choice: An Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Bohlen, Charles E. Witness to History, 1929–1969. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973.
Bourke, Sean. The Springing of George Blake. New York: Viking, 1970.
Bower, Tom. The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War 1935–90. New York, St. Martin’s, 1995.
Catterall, Peter, ed. The Macmillan Diaries. Vol. 1, The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957. London: Macmillan, 2003.
———. The Macmillan Diaries. Vol. 2, Prime Minister and After, 1957–1966. London: Macmillan, 2011.
Chavchavadze, David. Crowns and Trenchcoats: A Russian Prince in the CIA. New York: Atlantic International, 1990.
Cookridge, E. H. George Blake: Double Agent. 1970. New York: Ballantine, 1982.
Crosbie, Philip. March Till They Die. 1955. Westminster, MD: Newman, 1956.
Deane, Philip. I Was a Captive in Korea. New York: W. W. Norton, 1953.
Dobbs, Michael. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Knopf, 2008.
Donovan, Robert J. Eisenhower: The Inside Story. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service. London: Fourth Estate, 2000.
Dulles, Allen W. The Craft of Intelligence. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. The White House Years: Mandate for Change, 1953–1956. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.
———. The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956–1961. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965.
Garthoff, Raymond L. A Journey Through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001.
Gilbert, Martin. Churchill: A Life. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
Grant, Thomas. Jeremy Hutchinson’s Case Histories. London: John Murray, 2015.
Grathwol, Robert P., and Donita M. Moorhus. Berlin and the American Military: A Cold War Chronicle. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
Grose, Peter. Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.
Harrison, Hope M. Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet–East German Relations, 1953–1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Heefner, Wilson A. Dogface Soldier: The Life of General Lucian K. Truscott, Jr. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2010.
Helms, Richard, with William Hood. A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Random House, 2003.
Hermiston, Roger. The Greatest Traitor: The Secret Lives of Agent George Blake. London: Aurum Press, 2013.
Hoffman, David E. The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal. New York: Doubleday, 2015.
Höhne, Heinz, and Hermann Zolling. Network: The Truth About General Gehlen and His Spy Ring. Translated from the German by Richard Barry. London: Secker & Warburg, 1972.
Hood, William. Mole: The True Story of the First Russian Intelligence Officer Recruited by the CIA. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.
Hyde, H. Montgomery. George Blake: Superspy. 1987. London: Futura, 1988.
“Ist ja fantastisch!”: The Story of the Berlin Spy Tunnel. Berlin: Allied Museum, 2006.
Johnson, Thomas R. American Cryptology During the Cold War, 1945–1989; Book 1: The Struggle for Centralization, 1945–1960. Volume 5 of United States Cryptologic History Series VI, The NSA Period 1952–Present. Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 1995.
Kalugin, Oleg. Spymaster: My Thirty-Two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West. Philadelphia: Basic Books, 2009. Reprint of The First Directorate, 1994.
Kellerhoff, Sven Felix, and Bernd von Kostka. Haupstadt der Spione: Geheimdienste in Berlin im Kalten Krieg. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag, 2012.
Khrushchev, Nikita S. Khrushchev Remembers. Introduction and notes by Edward Crankshaw. Translated and edited by Strobe Talbott. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.
Khrushchev, Sergei N. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Translated by Shirley Benson. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Lamphere, Robert J., and Tom Shachtman. The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent’s Story. 1986. New York: Berkley, 1987.
Macintyre, Ben. A Spy Among Friends: Kim Philby and the Great Betrayal. New York: Crown, 2014.
Maddrell, Paul. Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Mangold, Tom. Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA’s Master Spy Hunter. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
Martin, David C. Wilderness of Mirrors. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey. Battleground Berlin: CIA vs KGB in the Cold War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
O’Connor, Kevin. Blake, Bourke & the End of Empires. 2003. Dublin: ColourBooks, 2003.
Pincher, Chapman. Inside Story: A Documentary of the Pursuit of Power. New York: Stein & Day, 1978.
———. Their Trade Is Treachery. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981.
———. Too Secret Too Long. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
Randle, Michael, and Pat Pottle. The Blake Escape: How We Freed George Blake and Why. London: Sphere Books, 1990.
Ranelagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Richart, Wilmer (Bill Romey). Not to Be a Spy. Self-published. 1989.
Rositzke, Harry. The KGB: The Eyes of Russia. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981.
Schecter, Jerrold L., and Peter S. Deriabin. The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.
Shackley, Ted, with Richard A. Finney. Spymaster: My Life in the CIA. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2005.
Sichel, Peter M. F. The Secrets of My Life: Vintner, Prisoner, Soldier, Spy. Bloomington, IN: Archway, 2016.
Stafford, David. Spies Beneath Berlin. New York: Overlook Press, 2003, and ebook edition, London: Thistle, 2013.
Stockton, Bayard. Flawed Patriot: The Rise and Fall of CIA Legend Bill Harvey. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2006.
Thomas, Evan. The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1995.
Weiner, Tim. Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
West, Nigel. Seven Spies Who Changed the World. London: Secker & Warburg, 1991.
Wise, David. Molehunt: The Secret Search for Traitors That Shattered the CIA. New York: Random House, 1992.
Wise, David, and Thomas B. Ross. The Espionage Establishment. 1967. New York: Bantam, 1968.
Wolf, Markus, with Anne McElvoy. Man Without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster. 1997. New York: PublicAffairs, 1999.
Wright, Peter. Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987.
Wyden, Peter. Wall: The Inside Story of Divided Berlin. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989.
Zellers, Larry. In Enemy Hands: A Prisoner in North Korea. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.
Zeno (Gerald Lamarque). Life. London: Macmillan, 1968.
Articles
Blake, Gillian. “Portrait of a Spy.” Sunday Telegraph, December 3, 10, and 17, 1961.
Boghardt, Thomas. “Semper Vigilis: The U.S. Army Security Agency in Early Cold War Germany.” Army History, Winter 2018.
“A Brave, New World.” Studies in Intelligence, released January 11, 2012.
Cecil, Clem. “How I Became a Lunchtime Spy for Moscow.” Times (London), May 4, 2003.
Coleman, David G. “Eisenhower and the Berlin Problem, 1953–1954.” Journal of Cold War Studies, Winter 2000.
Evans, Joseph C. “Berlin Tunnel Intelligence: A Bumbling KGB.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Spring 1996.
Feifer, George. “The Berlin Tunnel.” Military History Quarterly, Winter 1998.
Fellon, Gerald. “Turning a Cold War Scheme into Reality: Engineering the Berlin Tunnel.” Studies in Intelligence, 2008.
Hart, John L. “Pyotr Semyonovich Popov: The Tribulations of Faith.” Intelligence and National Security, October 1997.
Heun, Michael, and Dietrich Schier. “Tunnel-Spione.” Berliner Morgenpost, six-part series, March 6–11, 1994.
Huntington, Thomas. “The Berlin Spy Tunnel Affair.” American Heritage of Invention & Technology, Spring 1995.
Knightley, Phillip. “George Blake: Confessions of a Traitor.” Sunday Times, September 9 and 16, 1990.
Maddrell, Paul. “British Intelligence Through the Eyes of the Stasi.” Intelligence and National Security, February 2012.
Martin, David C. “The CIA’s Loaded Gun.” Washington Post, October 10, 1976.
Merrell, R. M. “The Berlin Spy Tunnel: A Memoir.” The Royal Engineers Journal, August 2002.
Middleton, Drew. “Now the Russians Turn Charms on Britain.” New York Times, April 15, 1956.
Peck, Reginald. “Agent’s Wife Knew Blake in Berlin.” Sunday Telegraph, December 3, 1961.
Ruck, Adam. “Thinker, Author, Skier, Spy.” Ski+Board, 2010.
Sullivan, Walter. “U.S. Investigates Wiretap Tunnel.” New York Times, April 25, 1956.
Thornton, Jacqui, and Ian Thomas. “Revealed: The Map of Blake’s Betrayal.” Sunday Telegraph, February 23, 1997.
Reports and Document Collections
Browne, Robert T. Experiences with the CIA 1950’s Berlin Spy Tunnel. Self-published, 2009.
CIA Analysis of the Warsaw Pact Forces: The Importance of Clandestine Reporting. CIA Historical Collections Division, 2012.
A City Torn Apart: Building of the Berlin Wall. CIA Historical Collections Division, 2011.
Clandestine Services History: The Berlin Tunnel Operation 1952–1956. CIA, 1967. 2012 declassified edition.
Hill, T. H. E., ed. Berlin in Early Cold-War Army Booklets. 2008.
Operation REGAL: The Berlin Tunnel. United States Cryptologic History, Special Series 4. National Security Agency/Central Security Service, 198. 2012 declassified edition.
Robert Williamson Papers, courtesy Chris Williamson.
Steury, Donald R., ed. On the Front Lines of the Cold War: Documents on the Intelligence War in Berlin, 1946 to 1961. CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999.
Tunnel Spione. Nationalen Front des demokratischen Deutschland der Haupstadt Berlin, Spring 1956.
Documentaries and Programs
“Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB.” C-SPAN broadcast of book discussion with David Murphy, Sergei Kondrashev, sponsored by Yale University Press and Columbia University Harriman Institute, September 11, 1997, Yale Club, New York City, www.c-span.org/video/?90860-1/battleground-berlin-cia-vs-kgb.
“The Cold War.” Jeremy Isaacs Production for Turner Original Productions. CNN, 1998.
“The Confession.” BBC Inside Story, Tom Bower, 1990.
“George Blake, agent double et légende de la guerre froide à Berlin.” Sylvie Braibant. TV5 Monde, 2012.
“George Blake: Masterspy of Moscow.” George Carey. BBC Four Storyville, March 23, 2015.
“‘Operation Gold’: Der Spionagetunnel von Berlin.” Christian Klemke and Manfred Köhler. Sender Freies Berlin, 1997.
“The Red Files: Secrets of the Russian Archives Revealed.” Invision Production with Abamedia. PBS, 1999. Transcript of interview with George Blake: www.pbs.org/redfiles/kgb/deep/interv/k_int_george_blake.htm.
“Spies Beneath Berlin.” ORTV International for Discovery Networks Europe. Discovery Communications Europe, 2011.
“U.S. Postwar Intelligence in Europe.” C-SPAN broadcast of conference with the CIA and the Center for the Study of Intelligence, Rosslyn, VA, April 20, 1996. www.c-span.org/video/?71352-1/us-postwar-intelligence-europe.
Archives and Museums
Allied Museum, Berlin. Sergei Kondrashev and David Murphy interview.
Altglienicke Museum, Berlin. Berlin tunnel photographs and documents.
Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge. Papers of Michael Wolff.
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, Abilene, KS. Dwight D. Eisenhower Papers as President, John Foster Dulles Papers, Eleanor Lansing Dulles Papers, White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, Oral History Collection.
Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the Former German Democratic Republic, Berlin. MfS HA PS 10304, MfS ZAIG 25776, MfS Sekr. Neiber 81.
Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Stanford University. R. Harris Smith Papers.
Imperial War Museum, London. George Blake Files.
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, MA. President’s Office and National Security files.
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College London, Cold War Television Documentary Archive.
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD. CIA Records Search Tool (CREST).
National Archives of the United Kingdom, Kew, England. Defence, Foreign Office, Cabinet, Prime Minister, Home Office, and Metropolitan Police records.
University of California, Santa Barbara. Bayard Stockton Papers.
Author Interviews
Eugene Bialas, October 2015, November 22, 2015, February 25, 2019; George Blake, December 15, 2014, September 10, 2015; Reiner Bossdorf, August 18, 2015; Sylvie Braibant, August 25, 2014; Keith Comstock, September 15, 2015, October 21, 2015, December 15, 2015, February 27, 2019; William Donnelly, January 2015; Dagmar Feick, August 18, 2015; Volker Foertsch, September 2015; Raymond Garthoff, February 18, 2016; Floyd Hope, July 1, 2015; Jeremy Hutchinson, December 14, 2015, February 5, 2016; Oleg Kalugin, November 3, 2014, November 10, 2014, November 24, 2014; Eddie Kindell, November 4, 2015, December 2015, January 2016; Russ Knapp, January 12, 2015; Bernd von Kostka, August 6, 2015; Eugene Kovalenko (formerly Eugene Kregg), September 1, 2014, September 15, 2014; Sergei Khrushchev, October 13, 2014, February 8, 2016; Gunther Kuinke, August 17, 2015; Tom and Audrey Lamb, August 24, 2015; Bill Lonam, December 6, 2014; Peter Montagnon, December 16, 2014, March 6, 2015, July 2015, August 23, 2015, December 14, 2015; Dick Montague, November 10, 2015; Paul Hugh Montgomery, May 30, 2014, January 6, 2015, November 17, 2015, December 18, 2015, January 2017; Paul Mott, June 11, 2015, April 7, 2019; David Murphy, May 8, 2014; Helen “Perky” Pepper, February 4, 2014; Larry Plapler, October 2015; John Quirk, October 2015; Michael Randle, November 19, 2015; Bill Romey, October 8, 2014; Walter Schaaf, June 6, 2015; Ed Sheffield, September 8, 2015; Peter Sichel, April 20, 2015; Werner Sobolewski, August 19, 2015; Alice Ojala Sorvo, November 30, 2015; Dorothy Soudakoff, February 2015; John Vacca, October 23, 2018; Joan Vogel, February 4, 2014; Robert Williamson, December 2015.
Notes
Prelude
At midnight, the: George Blake, “Life History,” written by Blake for his attorneys after his arrest in April 1961, in Blake Papers, Department of Documents, IWM (hereafter Blake Life History, abbreviated BLH), 7; Blake, NOC, 127.
Herbert Lord, a: Hermiston, The Greatest Traitor, 97.
Unbeknownst to his captors: BLH, 2–5.
Sitting in the back: BLH, 7.
“They had been taken”: BLH, 11.
“These ragged, dirty”: Zellers, In Enemy Hands, 59; Deane, I Was a Captive in Korea, 87, 311.
Blake, like the others: BLH, 10; Crosbie, March Till They Die, 112, 123.
They set out south: Blake, NOC, 128–29.
“I do not want”: Meadmore int, “The Confession,” BBC Inside Story, Tom Bower.
Alone, Blake crawled: BLH, 10; Blake, NOC, 130–35.
