Mr Atkinson's Rum Contract, page 52
Fishguard (Pembrokeshire), 280
Fitzherbert, Maria, 200–2, 211
Florida, 50
Foote, Samuel, 48, 75–6
Fordyce, Alexander, 64–6, 67–72, 74–6, 77, 134, 139–40
Fordyce, George, 61, 63, 64, 71, 100, 134, 209, 210, 219
Fordyce, James, 66
Fordyce, Lady Margaret (née Lindsay), 67, 73–4, 134–5, 138, 143, 188, 196; marries Fordyce, 66; and Fordyce’s debts, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 135, 139–40; in Brighton (1781), 147–8; given pension by North, 153, 154; in Paris (1784), 211–12; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219, 229–30; and death of Richard, 220; and disputes over Richard’s estate, 223–4, 229–30, 303–4; death of (1814), 337
Fordyce, William, 69, 71
Fox, Charles James, 126, 137, 152, 184, 186, 189, 190, 195, 200, 210; in Gillray’s Westminster School, 10; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167; hostility with the king, 169–70, 171, 177, 181; joins with North, 169; India Bill, 174–81, 183–4, 203; and 1784 general election, 196; and abolitionist campaign, 236, 240
Fox, William, 241
Fox family, 129
France: and Seven Years’ War, 50; support for American rebels, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 121; alliance with America (February 1778), 113, 117, 118, 121; capture of West Indian islands (1778/79), 122; finances during American War, 130; capture of Saint Kitts (1782), 152; defeat in Battle of the Saintes (1782), 155–6; annexations of West Indian islands (1782), 155; French Revolution, 240, 251, 257–8 see also French West Indies
Francis, Philip, 210
Francis-Brown, Suzanne, 416–17
Franklin, Benjamin, 50, 54, 61, 64, 88, 102, 108
Fraser, Simon, 113–15
free trade, 386–8
Freetown (Sierra Leone), 278
French Revolutionary Wars, 251–2, 253, 263–5, 267–70; French dominance in Europe (1794–5), 270–1; Welsh landings by French (1797), 280; French spies in Jamaica (1799), 294, 309; preliminary peace treaty (1801), 306–7
French West Indies, 50, 51, 53, 55, 122; slave revolts in, 240–1, 242; and French Revolutionary Wars, 253, 263–5, 267–70; and French Revolution, 257–8; British capture of islands (1794), 263–5; France recovers islands (1794–5), 270; and USA, 292–3; Stephen’s plan relating to slave trade (1806), 319–20
Fuller, Stephen, 111, 120, 124, 235
Gage, General Thomas, 87, 88
Gainsborough, Thomas, 337
Garrow, William, 316
‘gavelkind’ laws of tenure, 344
geological discovery, 351–2
George, Prince of Wales, 200–2
George III, King, 51, 82, 100–1, 119, 122, 125, 171, 172–3; American Congress’ ‘loyal address’ to (1775), 86; and Lord North, 104, 121, 152, 153–4; West India lobby petition to, 155; hostility to Fox, 169–70, 177, 203; hatred of Portland’s ministry, 173, 174; intervenes over Fox’s India Bill, 177–9, 181; removes Portland ministry, 181; and Pitt ministry, 184, 187, 203; and political corruption, 184, 190–1; and Balcarres’ use of bloodhounds, 278; and Bewick’s blocks, 353
Georges, William, 390–1, 394
Georgia, 124, 125
Germain, Lord George, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 149, 150, 157
Gibraltar, 129–30, 158
Gillray, James, 10, 167–8, 172
Glasse, Hannah, 205
Glorious Revolution, 169
Gold Coast, 42–3, 44
Goldsmiths’ Company, 191
Gordon, Lord George, 127
Graham, James, 31, 37
Grainger, Richard, 395, 396
Grasse, Admiral de, 149, 152, 155, 156
Graves, Admiral, 149
Great Exhibition (1851), 391
Great Saxham estate (Suffolk), 48, 49, 135–6, 221
Grenada, 50, 122
Grenville, George, 51, 52, 54
Grenville, William, 319, 320
Grey, General Sir Charles, 263–4, 265
Grey, 2nd Earl, 361, 366
Grosvenor, Thomas, 240
Guadeloupe, 44, 50, 264, 265, 270
gum arabic, 45
Gurney, Joseph John, 385, 386
Hadrian’s Wall, 15–16, 21, 351, 397–8, 399, 404
Halifax (Nova Scotia), 94, 402
Hamburg, 296
Hanbury, John, 290, 297, 299, 300, 310
Hanover Planter (merchant ship), 109
Hanway, Jonas, Essay on Tea (1756), 33
Hardwicke, Countess of see Yorke, Lady Elizabeth
Harrow School, 286, 355, 369
Hasell, Mary, 310
Hasell, Sir Edward, 327
Hasenclever, Peter, 62, 193
Hastings, Warren, 165–6, 167, 195, 209
Haugesund (Norwegian port city), 407–8
Hawkesbury, Lord see Jenkinson, Charles
Hendon Hall school, 402
Herbert, Colonel Henry, 114
Hesket Newmarket, farm at, 26
Hilton Bacon, farm at, 26
Hobart, Lord, 307
Hodgson, John, 325–6, 327, 331, 351–2
Holy Trinity Church, Clapham, 340
Honduras, 52
Hood, Admiral, 152, 155
Hope & Co. of Amsterdam, 308
Horne Tooke, John, 126
Hosier, James, 363, 375, 392
Housesteads fort, 399, 404
Howe, Admiral, 101
Howe, General William, 88, 90, 91, 93–4, 101, 103, 105–6, 110, 117–18, 158
Hudson River, 101, 110
Hume, David, 49, 73, 133
Hunter, John, 148
Hutchinson, Thomas, 79
Hutchinson, William, 98–9
India, 42, 165–7, 195, 400–1; Michael Atkinson in, 167, 222, 255; silk production in, 255; Jock and Connie return to (1894), 401–2
Indian Civil Service, 398, 399, 400, 402
industrial revolution, 84–5
ING (Dutch bank), 261
Ingham, William, 332–3
J. & A. Gilfillan (Liverpool merchant house), 357
J. & H. Clarke (Liverpool slave traders), 297
Jackson, John, 238
Jacobite rising (1745–6), 28
Jamaica: ‘List of Negroes’ (1801), 9; desolation by 1850s, 17, 392; Saxham estate, 48, 243, 244, 255, 414; and the Stamp Act (1765), 53–4; slave insurrections in, 53, 365–6; communication time with London, 56, 268; vulnerability during American War, 122–4, 125; hurricane (October 1780), 135–6; Dean’s Valley Dry Works (Westmoreland Parish), 136, 220, 228, 243, 247, 267, 289, 290, 310, 341, 347, 415–16; ‘Rum’ Atkinson acquires property in, 136; Spanish Town, 216–17, 262, 412–13; Williamson declares martial law (1791), 241; Montego Bay, 243, 271–2, 274, 275, 365, 414–15; Egypt estate (Westmoreland Parish), 244; Blue Mountains, 247, 411; Agent General’s office, 253, 258, 263, 269, 273, 279, 288, 308, 309, 329; and French Revolutionary Wars, 253; Island Secretariat, 262–3, 288, 289, 308; Balcarres as governor of, 271–2, 273–9, 280, 281–2, 283, 291–2, 294–5, 299, 339–40; Trelawny Town, 272–3, 274; ‘Maroons’ in the interior, 272–9, 281; bloodhounds from Cuba, 275–6, 277, 278–9; West India Regiments, 290–1, 309; use of black ‘pioneers’ in army, 291–2, 339–40, 354, 362–3, 364, 373, 375, 376–7; French spies in (1799), 294, 309; 1790s as buoyant decade for, 295–6, 319; coffee estates, 299, 301, 361–4; Maria Nugent’s diaries, 300–1; George Nugent as governor of, 300–1, 306–7, 309; cattle ranch in St Elizabeth Parish, 301; Martin’s Hill coffee estate (Manchester Parish), 301, 361–4; slave registration bill passed (1816), 339; Christian missionaries in, 340–1, 365; Manchester Parish, 341, 361–4; Marshall’s Pen estate (Manchester Parish), 341, 361–4, 413–14; St Mark’s Church in Mandeville, 341; Westmoreland Parish, 341, 359; free people of colour in, 364; Baptist War (1831–2), 365–6; Kensington Pen (St James Parish), 365; ratifies its own abolition act (1833), 373–4; Norwich estate (Portland Parish), 374, 377; Stanmore Hill estate (St Elizabeth Parish), 377; Whydah estate (Portland Parish), 377; use of the treadmill in, 380–1; parliamentary committee on corporal punishment, 381; ‘apprenticeship’ ended (1838), 382; post-1838 exodus from estates, 384–5; new farming technology, 385–6; March’s Pen near Spanish Town, 385; and adoption of free trade, 386, 388; St David Parish, 389–90; Lloyds, Coldstream and Mount Sinai estates, 389, 390; Norris estate (St David Parish), 389, 394; Port Royal Mountains, 390; built heritage, 412–13; St James Parish, 414–15; Hanover Parish, 414; James Robertson’s 1804 map of, 414 see also Bogue estate (St James Parish, Jamaica); Kingston (Jamaica)
Jamaica coffee house (London), 45
Jamaican Historical Society, 416
James, Richard, 391
James, Sir William, 157
Jefferson, Thomas, 101
Jenkinson, Charles (Lord Hawkesbury), 52, 80, 121, 129, 234, 235, 236
Jenner, Edward, 100
Jennings Clerke, Sir Philip, 131, 137
Jervis, Admiral Sir John, 263–4, 265
Johnson, Samuel, 58, 61, 101, 112, 133, 153
Johnstone, Sir James, 228
Jonathan’s coffee house (London), 45, 65
Jones, John Paul, 113
Kay, Dorothy (née Mitchell, 1879–1955), 406
Kay, Kenneth (1881–1935), 405, 406
Keppel, General William, 114–15
Kerr, James, 59
Kingston (Jamaica), 222, 253, 294–5, 355, 359, 360, 377, 392, 393, 416; and the Stamp Act (1765), 53; in late eighteenth-century, 247–8; Parish Church, 248, 283, 312, 392, 411–12; Atkinson house on North Street, 306, 318–19; suffocating heat of, 389; decay by 1850s, 392; great fire (1882), 411; earthquake (1907), 411; violent reputation of, 411
Kirkoswald (Cumberland), 30, 34, 286
Kite, Sir Robert, 59
Knibb, William, 365
Knights Hospitaller, 22
Knights Templar, 22
Knox, General John, 299
Knox, William, 123, 128, 129
La Rochefoucauld, Comte de, 221
Laird, David, 58, 59, 90, 117–18, 136, 139, 141, 228, 267
Lamb, Edward, 310
Laprade, Professor W.T., 184
Le Fleming, Sir Michael, 228
Leclerc, General Charles, 306, 307
Leeson, Nick, 261
Lewes, Sir Watkin, 193
Lindsay, Colin, 158
Lindsay, Lady Anne (Lady Anne Barnard), 66–9, 70, 71, 73–4, 138–40, 141–2, 143–5, 151, 204–5; self-imposed exile in Scotland, 133–4; returns to London (1777), 134–5; and Wentworth, 135, 142, 143, 148, 158–9; ‘secret share’ of 1782 loan, 138, 139, 151, 157, 159–60, 223–4; Richard’s letter to (July 1781), 142–3, 419–27; in Brighton (1781), 147–8; given pension by North, 153, 154; Richard helps brothers of, 157–8, 207–8; ‘Leon’ attempts to blackmail, 159–60; and writing of Richard’s will, 160–1, 217; and plan to bring Pitt to power, 170–1; on Portland, 174; on Fox’s India Bill, 181; and Richard’s niece Dorothy, 187–8, 226–7; on Richard standing for parliament, 191; and Mrs Fitzherbert, 200–2, 211; expedition to the continent (1784), 200, 201, 202, 204–5, 207, 211–12; and death of Richard, 216, 220–1; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219, 220, 222, 223, 228, 229–30; and Mure family, 223–4, 226; and disputes over Richard’s estate, 229–30, 303–4, 335, 336, 337, 343; marries Andrew Barnard (1793), 303, 304; in Cape Colony, 304; eventful life of, 336–7; loses court case over Richard’s estate, 336; autobiography of, 337–8; puts her papers in order, 346–7; death of (1825), 348
Lindsay, Robert, 229
linen imports, 27
Lisle, David, 58–9
Littledale, Bolton, 391
Littledale, Elizabeth (Aunt Wordsworth), 352, 357, 391
Littledale, Isaac, 254
Littledale, Thomas, 332
Liverpool, 233, 235, 297, 332, 357
Locke (ex-East Indiaman), 97
London: Richard’s earliest years in, 29–30, 41, 45–8; in 1760s, 39–40; and merchant fleet, 40–1, 57; Customs House, 40, 41, 46; Royal Exchange, 45, 46; black residents in eighteenth-century, 57–60, 217–18, 231–2; Richard’s circle in early 1770s, 61–5, 67–75; Bridget Atkinson in, 99; Gordon Riots (June 1780), 127; Ironmongers’ Hall, 127; Richard stands for parliament in City (1784), 191–4, 195; Richard elected City alderman, 206–7; the family in (Spring 1809), 323–4
London Tavern, Bishopsgate Street, 55–6, 86, 122, 191, 228
Long, Beeston, 55, 105, 107, 140
Long, Edward, 262–3
Long, Samuel, 123, 124
Lonsdale, 1st Earl of (Sir James Lowther), 80–1, 85, 150, 170, 184–5, 196, 228
Lonsdale, 1st Earl of (second creation), 383
Loring, Joshua, 106
Lowther, River, 352
Lyon (ship from Leith), 97
Macartney, Lord, 206, 209–10, 304
MacGregor, Charles, 388
Mackenzie, General, 345
Macleod, General, 278
Macpherson, James, 153, 166, 167
Macpherson, John, 166, 167, 345
Madeira, 128, 237
Maitland, Brigadier Thomas, 282–3, 293
malaria, 255, 281
Malembo (now Angola), 44
Manchester, 233–4, 360
Mansfield, Lord, 231, 232
Manship, John, 345
Marlborough College, 402
Martinique, 50, 155, 264
Massachusetts, 53, 79, 82
Maughan, Dorothy, 30–2, 34–5
Maughan, Jenny, 30–2, 33–4, 36, 37
Maughan, Michael, 30
Medway (Royal Mail steam vessel), 391
Melvil, Thomas, 42
merchant fleet, 40–1, 45, 57, 97, 128, 163–5
merchant houses, Jamaica: Mures & Dunlop in Kingston, 222, 248, 252–3, 259; G. & M. Atkinson, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295–9, 298; Atkinsons, Hanbury & Co., 298, 300, 301, 309–10, 318; Atkinson, Bogle & Co., 318, 338, 339, 341, 354; Robertson, Brother & Co., 354–5, 361–3; Adams, Robertson & Co., 354; Atkinson & Hosier, 363–4, 373, 375, 377–8, 387; Atkinson & MacGregor, 388–9 see also Atkinson, Mure & Bogle
merchant houses, London: Samuel Touchet, 29–30, 41, 44, 45, 47–8, 64, 151, 194; merchant house-planter relationship, 56–7 see also Mure, Son & Atkinson; Mures, Atkinson & Mure
Mercury (schooner), 275, 277
‘mestee’ label, 313
Methodism, 340
Miller, Albert, 414
Minorca, 152
Mirabeau, Comte de, 240–1
Molasses Act (1733), 51
Monarch (merchant ship), 191–2
Monboddo, Lord, 133
Montgomerie, Captain Alexander, 164–5
Montserrat, 155
Mount Mascal estate (Kent), 323, 344, 345–6, 361
‘mulatto’ label, 313
Müller, Jon, 408
Müller, Renira (née Atkinson), 407–8, 410
Municipal Corporations Act (1835), 371
Mure, Hutchison (West India merchant), 61, 167, 223–4, 239, 414; and the slave trade, 48–9; Richard as clerk for, 48, 64; financial difficulties, 135–6, 221; and North’s 1782-3 loan, 151; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347; death of, 260; Island Secretary of Jamaica office, 262, 288
Mure, Robert, 221, 223–4, 226, 238, 239; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347; death of (1815), 335
Mure, Samuel, 217, 243, 248, 252–3; Atkinson, Mure & Bogle, 253–4, 258–9, 260, 261–2, 280, 288, 324
Mure, Son & Atkinson: partnership formed (1766), 49; and West Indian planters, 56–7, 59; and slave trade, 58–9; and Ringwood ironworks, 62–3, 64, 76, 88, 92–3, 101–2, 109, 193; and 1772 banking crisis, 70, 74, 75; contracts for provisioning army, 89–92, 96–7, 115, 117–20, 128, 129–31; rum contracts, 106–7, 110–13, 120–1, 126, 140–1; Hanover Planter incident, 109; Venus and Monarch legal actions, 191–2
Mure, William, 136, 221, 223–4, 259; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347
Mure family, 115, 238–9; financial problems, 135–6, 259; and Richard’s estate, 221, 222–4, 226, 238, 243, 252, 305, 324; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347
Mures, Atkinson & Mure: formed (1781), 136; and North’s 1781-2 loan, 137, 138; settlement of rum contracts, 140–1; and North’s 1782-3 loan, 151, 223–4; and supplying of Minorca, 152; George Atkinson at, 157
Mutiny Act, 190
Mysore, Hyder Ali, Sultan of, 174
Napoleon Bonaparte, 306, 307, 338; sells Louisiana to USA (1803), 308
National Archives at Kew, 18, 29, 110
National Army Museum, 292
National Library of Scotland, 141, 376
National Portrait Gallery, 10
Native American tribes, 50–1
Natural History Society of Northumberland, 357
naval tactics: ‘breaking the line’, 156–7; floating batteries, 158
Navigation Acts, 40, 51, 58, 128, 386, 389
Neale, James, Fordyce & Down (of Threadneedle Street), 65, 68–70
Nevill, Henry (2nd Earl of Abergavenny), 154–5
Nevis, 155
New York, 11, 62, 76, 101–3, 105–7, 117, 118–19
Newbiggin Hall (Westmorland), 394
Newcastle, 15, 31, 224, 227, 251–2, 280, 285–6, 318, 370; Clayton mansion on Westgate Street, 227, 251–2, 286, 323, 325, 397; Tyne Iron Company, 321–3, 351–2, 357; pre-eminence as coal town, 321, 322; Antiquarian Society of, 327–8; corporation of, 369, 370–1, 396; natural history museum, 372; power of John Clayton in, 394–7; new town centre (1830s), 395–6; Grey’s Monument, 395
Newcastle & Carlisle Railway Company, 396
Newnham, Nathaniel, 193, 236
Newton, John, 235
Nicholl, Sir John, 336
Nonconformist Christianity, 340, 365
Norris, Robert, 235
North, Lord, 88–90, 109–10, 115, 117, 125, 126, 149, 165–6, 186; Regulating Act (1773), 78, 165; character and appearance of, 81; Boston Port Act (1774), 82; calls general election (1774), 85; and rum contracts, 89–90, 104–5, 106–7, 112–13, 120; and the king, 104, 121, 152, 153–4; bouts of depression, 121–2; loan for 1781-2, 137–8, 139; loan for 1782-3, 150–1, 223–4; ministry unravels after Yorktown, 150, 151–2; resigns (March 1782), 152–3; pensions awarded by, 153–4; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167–8; and Shelburne’s peace treaty, 168–9; Fox joins with (1783), 169; refuses to form government (1783), 171; and Fox’s India Bill, 177, 181; break with Robinson, 186
Northumberland, 2nd Duke of, 327
Northumberland Archives, 16–17, 331, 356
Nova Scotia, 94, 101, 277, 402
Nugent, General George, 300–1, 306–7, 309
