White Men's Law, page 40
McLean, John, 66–67
McNair, Denise, 203
McNeil, Joseph, 198
McRae, Thomas, 126–27
Meadows, William F., 136
Meharry Medical School, 140
Melchoir, George P., 103
Mellott, Arthur, 169–70
Memphis & Charleston Railroad Company, 96
The Messenger magazine, 146
Mexican American Legal Defenseand Education Fund, 240–41
Michigan, 206, 209
Milam, J. W., 202
Miller, George, 166
Miller, John E., 188
Milliken v. Bradley
appeals court case and, 206
Burger’s majority opinion rejecting busing remedy and, 207–9, 233
busing remedy ordered by district court in, 205–8, 212
district court case of, 204–6
Marshall’s dissenting opinion in, 209, 210–11
Supreme Court deliberation in, 207–8
Supreme Court oral arguments in, 206–7
Minton, Sherman, 179
Mississippi
Dollard’s analysis of racial inequality during 1930s in, 223–25
lynching data from, 7–8, 10–11, 15–16
public school segregation in, 187
Reconstruction Era in, 81, 84, 91
secession by, 46–47
white supremacy politics and disenfranchisement of Blacks in, 103–5
Missouri, 143–44, 154
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 64, 66, 71, 73
Monroe Elementary (Topeka, KS), 155, 170, 175
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56), 197
Moore, Charles Eddie, 200–1
Moore v. Dempsey, 125–26
Morgan, Margaret, 60–62
Moses, Charlie, 55
Moton High School (Farmville, Virginia), 161–62
Mottram, John, 22–23
Moynihan Report (1965), 216–21
Mumford High School (Detroit, Michigan), 243–44
Murphy, Frank, 133
Murray, Donald, 142–43
Muste, A. J., 147
Nabrit, James, 163–64
Nash, Christopher Columbus, 87–88
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. See Kerner Commission
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) scores, 241–43, 243t, 245
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). See also Marshall, Thurgood
Brown v. Board of Education and, 168–69
Cooper v. Aaron and, 188, 190
Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill and, 10–14
Davis v. Prince Edward County, 162
Elaine Massacre and, 125
Margold Report and, 141–42
Milliken v. Bradley and, 204–5, 206, 207
public university desegregation cases and, 151–53
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and, 237
National Education Association, 237
National Labor Relations Act, 10–11
National Recovery Administration, 138–39
National Workers League, 148
National Youth Administration, 139–40
Necaise, Henri, 52
Nelson, Levi, 87–88, 89–91
Newark race riot (1967), 213
New Castle County (Delaware), 167, 173, 194
New Deal, 86, 138–40, 144–45, 220–21. See also Great Depression; specific agencies
New Jersey, 233–34, 240–41
New York City arson conspiracy (1741), 26–27
Nicholls, Francis T., 108
Nichols, Samuel, 97
Nixon, Richard, 102, 207–8, 221, 238–39
Nixon v. Herndon, 175–76
North Carolina, 31
Oklahoma, 151–54, 233–34
Oregon, 240–41
Oshinsky, David, 113
Packard Motor Car Company, 149
Page, Sarah, 127
Parchman Prison Farm (Mississippi), 198–99, 223–24
Parker, John J., 158–60
Parks, Rosa, xviii, 197–98
Parrish, Stephen Decatur, 87–89
Paterson, William, 35–36
Pearson, Levi, 156–57, 160–61
Pearson, Raymond, 142–43
Pence, Mike, 249–51
Pennsylvania, 60–61
Pentagon Papers case, xvii–xviii
The Philadelphia Negro (Du Bois), 115–16
Phillips County (Arkansas), 124–26, 147–48
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 35–37
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), 118
Plessy, Homer Adolph, xviii, 105–7, 110–11
Plessy, Joseph, 106–7
Plessy v. Ferguson
Brown’s majority opinion in, 109–12
Brown v. Board of Education and, 110, 175, 182–83, 184
Fourteenth Amendment and, 108
Harlan’s dissent in, 111–12
Louisiana Supreme Court case (1893) and, 108
Plessy’s criminal case in New Orleans (1892) and, 108
press coverage of, 112
“separate but equal” doctrine and, 110, 141–44, 153, 156, 158–59, 170–71, 175, 182–83, 197–98
Supreme Court oral arguments for, 109–10
Thirteenth Amendment and, 108, 110, 111
Tourgée’s brief in, 109, 111–12
Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe), 19
Powell Jr., Lewis F., 207–8, 239–40
Powhatan Indians, 19–20
Price, Lafayette, 77
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 60–63
Prince Edward County (Virginia), 161–62, 173, 193
Prince Edward High School (Virginia), 193
Prince George’s County (Maryland), 214
Pullman Company, 146–47
Quinn, Henry Oneal (Neal), 136
race riots
in Beaumont, Texas (1943), 148–49
in Chicago (1919), 122–23, 147–48
in Detroit (1943), 149
in Detroit (1967), 203–4, 213
in Elaine, AR (1919), 124–27, 147–48
in Tulsa (1921), 127–28
in Washington DC (1919), 122, 147–48
Railway Labor Act, 146–47
Randolph, A. Philip, 146–47, 151
Randolph, Sidney, 112
Ratliff v. Beale, 104–5
Reagan, Ronald, 216–17
Reconstruction
Black political participation during, 80–81, 100
Civil Rights Act of 1875 and, 95–96, 97, 105–6
constitutional amendments passed during, x, 78–81
education programs for Southern Blacks during, 83–86, 117–18
end (1876-77) of, 91–93, 95, 100
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 83–84, 85
Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 and, 5, 81–82, 89–90
military rule of former Confederate states under, 80–81, 83–84, 100
Republican Party and, 78, 79–80, 84, 91–93
Supreme Court and, 89–91
violence and intimidation against Blacks during, 81–83, 85, 87–88, 91, 100–1
Redding, Louis, 165–66
redlining, 133–34
Red Scare (1917-20), 118–19, 121–22, 150
Red Shirts, 91, 100–1
Red Summer (1919)
Chicago race riot and, 122–23, 147–48
economic conditions during, 121
Elaine Massacre and, 124–27
Washington DC race riot and, 122, 147–48
Wilson and, 120–21, 122
Reeb, James, 202
Reed, Stanley, 177–78, 180
Rehnquist, William H., 207–8
Republican Party
Black voters and, 137–38
Congressional elections of 1932 and 1934 and, 138
federal anti-lynching law opposed (2020) by, 12
New Deal and, 138–39
racial attitudes among members of, 230–31
Reconstruction and, 78, 79–80, 84, 91–93
Revels, Hiram, 81
Reynolds, Mary, 54–55
Richmond (Virginia), 208
Richmond, David, 198
Robertson, Carole, 203
Roberts v. City of Boston, 141
Robinson, Joe, 10–11
Robinson, Sallie J., 96, 98
Robinson III, Spottswood, 162
Rodriguez, Demetrio, 234–35, 240–41. See also San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
Rogers, Ferebe, 56
Rogers, Phillis, 16
Rogers, S. Emory, 186
Rolfe, John, 19–20
Rolfe, Rebecca (Pocahontas), 19
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 139–40
Roosevelt, Franklin D. See also New Deal
Black voters and, 137–38
Congressional election of 1934 and, 11
Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill and, 10–11
Executive Order 8802 (1941) and, 147
internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and, 99–100
presidential inauguration (1933) of, 138
Supreme Court and, 86
Roosevelt, Theodore, 102
Roth, Stephen J., 204–9
Rowland, Dick, 127–28
Roxbury neighborhood (Boston), 210–11
Rustin, Bayard, 147
Rutledge, John, 37
Ryan, Michael, 96
Ryan, William, 218–21
Sampson, Robert J., 222–23, 225
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
district court case in, 235–37
Fourteenth Amendment and, 235, 237
Marshall’s dissent in, 240
Powell’s majority opinion in, 238–40
property tax basis of public school funding as constitutional issue in, 234, 236–39
Supreme Court oral arguments in, 237–38
“suspect class” argument in, 235, 237, 239
Texas State Legislature’s education funding policies and, 235–36, 237–38
Sanford, John, 64–65. See also Dred Scott v. Sanford
Santee, Hamp, 77
Saxton, William, 207
Scholtz, Dave, 4
Schwerner, Michael Henry, 201
Scott, Dred, 63–65. See also Dred Scott v. Sanford
Scott, Harriet Roberts, 64–65
Scott, William, 65
Scott’s Branch High School (Summerton, South Carolina), 160, 193
Seaman, Eugenia, 198
Second Great Migration (1940-60), 145–46
segregation
of the armed forces and, 150–51
Cold War international relations and, 173–75, 192
of defense industry businesses, 147, 151
of public accommodations, 95–100, 105–9, 110, 112, 145
of public elementary and secondary schools, ix–x, 84, 86, 104, 110, 141–42, 144–45, 154, 155–71, 173–94, 203, 204, 210–11, 212, 228–29, 233–35
public sector employment and, 120, 139
of public universities, 113–14, 140, 142–44, 151–54, 166
residential segregation and, 119, 128–29, 132–34, 148, 204, 207, 214–16, 223, 229, 233, 245–46
Seitz, Collins, 166–67
Selma March (1965), 202
sharecroppers, 82, 113, 118, 124
Sharpe, C. Melvin. See Bolling v. Sharpe
Shaw, Lemuel, 62, 141
Shaw Junior High (Washington DC), 164
Shull, Lynwood, 150–51
Sicknick, Brian, 250–51
Sidwell Friends School (Washington DC), 193
Singleton, Samuel A., 96
Sipuel v. Oklahoma Board of Regents, 151–52
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing (Birmingham, AL, 1963), 203
Slave Codes, 14, 28
Slave Narratives (Federal Writers Project), xiv–xv
slavery
American Revolution and, 30–33
Atlantic slave trade and, 14, 20, 26, 37–38, 70
Christianity and, 29
colonization movement and, 37–38
Declaration of Independence and, 68–70
defenses of, 40–50
education and literacy restrictions under, 28–30
first-hand accounts from, 50–57
fugitive slave laws and, 35, 60–61, 62–63, 70
Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, 64, 66, 71, 73
mixed-race children of slaves and, 21–25
in New York City, 26–27
racial and genetic arguments regarding, xiii, 42, 48–50, 68–70, 72–73, 79–80
Roman law and, 22–24
slave revolts and, 26–27, 29–30
US Constitution and, 34–38, 46–47, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 68, 70, 71, 72
wage labor compared to, 43–44
Smith, Adam, 43
Smith, Ellison “Cotton Ed,” 10–11, 157
Smith, Hampton, 15–16
Sojourner Truth Homes (Detroit, Michigan), 148
The Souls of Black Folk (Du Bois), 116–17
South Boston High School, 210–11
South Carolina
Atlantic slave trade and, 26, 32–33
mixed-race ancestry data from, xi–xii
public school segregation in, 155–60, 176, 179–80, 186–87, 193
Reconstruction Era in, 81, 84, 85, 91, 92, 100–2
slaves and slave laws in, 29, 31
white supremacy politics and disenfranchisement of Blacks in, 101–2, 103
Woodard attack (1946) in, 150–51
Soviet Union, 174, 192
Spears, Adrian, 235–36
Stacy, Rubin
assault allegations against, 2, 4–6, 8–9, 11
family and biographical background of, 6–7, 15–18
investigation of lynching of, 4–7, 9
lynching of, xix–xx, 2–4, 8–9, 11–14, 17, 247–48, 259
Stacy Jr., John, 16
Stacy Sr., John, 16–17
Stanley, Murray, 95–96
Stanley, Thomas, 187
Stanton, Edwin, 79
Stauber, George, 122–23
Stephens, Alexander H., 28, 47–50, 59
Stern, Robert, 174
Stewart, Potter, 208, 238–39
Stono Rebellion (1739), 26
Story, Joseph, 61–63
Strader v. Graham, 65–67
Stradford, Hampton and Nancy, 6
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), xvi–xvii, 198–200
Stukes, Bo, 157
Summerton (South Carolina), 155–57, 160–61, 193
Sumner Elementary (Topeka, KS), 155, 168–69
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Board of Education, 206–8
Sweatt v. Painter, 152–53, 174, 182–83
Sweet, Gladys, 132–33
Sweet, Ossian, 132–33, 215–16
systemic racism. See also white supremacy
Covid-19 pandemic and, 254–55
criminal justice system and, 227–28, 229–30
definition of, ix–xi
frustration-aggression-displacement (F-A-D) theory and, 224–25
genetic arguments and, 219, 228–29
income inequality and, 214–16, 220
“individual choices” narrative and, 115–16, 218–20, 230–31
infant mortality rates and, 246
life expectancy and, 245, 254–55
Moynihan Report’s “Black pathology” argument (1965) and, 216–21
public education system and, 86, 233–45, 253
racial invariance thesis and, 222–23
residential segregation and, 214–16, 223, 229, 233, 245–46
single-parent households and, 245–47
Trump’s dismissal of the concept of, 252–53
Taft, Robert, 178–79
Taft, William Howard, 119–20
Taliaferro, Major, 64
Taney, Roger
as attorney general in Jackson Administration, 66–67
death of, 75
Dred Scott v. Sanford and, 66–75, 79–80
Prigg v. Pennsylvania and, 61–62
racial arguments regarding slavery and, 68–70, 72–73, 79–80
Strader v. Graham, 65, 66–67
United States v. Cruikshank and, 89
Tennessee, 80–81
Texas, 152–54, 235–36, 240–41
Thirteenth Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1875 and, 97–98
enforcement clause of, 78, 97
House of Representatives and passage of, 78–79
Lincoln and, 78–79
Plessy v. Ferguson and, 108, 110, 111
Thomas, Henry “Hank,” xvi–xvii
Thomas County (Georgia), 15–16
Thompson, James G., 150
Thunstrom, Jovanni, 257–58
Tilden, Samuel, 8–9, 92–93
Till, Emmett, 12, 202
Tillman, Alexander, 89–91
Tillman, Benjamin, 100–3
Timmerman, George B., 158–59
Tometi, Opal, 257
Topeka (Kansas)
racial demographics in, 167–68
segregation of public accommodations in, 168
segregation of public schools in, 167–70, 173, 175, 194
Topeka High School in, 168, 194
Topeka West High School in, 194
Tourgée, Albion, 107–10, 111–12
Triggs, Clarence, 200–1
Truman, Harry, 150–52
Trump, Donald
Black Lives Matter movement and, 257
hate crimes increase during presidency of, 252
impeachment (2021) of, 251
lying about 2020 election results by, 249
racism among supporters of, 229, 252
racist political appeals made by, 221
systemic racism concept rejected by, 252–53
US Capitol insurrection (January 6, 2021), 249–51
Truth, Sojourner, 148
Tubman, Harriet, 77
Tulsa massacre (1921), 127–28
Turner, Hayes and Mary, 15–16
Turner, Nat, 27
Tyler, George M., 96, 98
Underground Railroad, 113–14
United States v. Cruikshank, 9–10, 89–91
University of Delaware, 166
University of Maryland, 142–43
University of Missouri, 143–44
University of Oklahoma, 151–54
University of Texas, 152–53
University of Virginia, 162–63
US Capitol insurrection (January 6, 2021), 249–52
US Conference of Catholic Bishops, x–xi
Vardaman, James K., 102
Vesey, Denmark, 27
Vietnam War, xvii, 195–97
Vinson, Fred, 153, 173, 176–79
Virginia
Atlantic slave trade and, 14, 20
Black Codes in, 27–28
free blacks in, 20–21
General Assembly in, 21, 22–23, 24
House of Burgesses in, 21, 23, 27–28
indentured servants during colonial era in, 20–21
