Sitting Bull's War, page 57
46. “Steamers Carroll and Far West Attacked by Indians Who Line the Banks,” New York Herald, Aug. 8, 1876; Black Elk narrative, DeMallie, The Sixth Grandfather, 199 (quotation); Gray, Centennial Campaign, 210–11. Black Elk refers to Runs Fearless by his nickname, Yellow Shirt, Bray, Crazy Horse, 446n14.
47. Marquis, Warrior Who Fought Custer, 280; Gabriel Solomon affidavit, Aug. 18, 1876, in “Papers Relating to the Sioux Indians of the United States Who Have Taken Refuge in Canadian Territory,” RG 7, Governor General’s Office, G21, Vol. 323, File 2001-1, Prints 1875–1879, Ottawa, Ontario, Library and Archives Canada (quotation); McCrady, Living with Strangers, 66; Vestal, Sitting Bull, 182; Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 136.
48. Respects Nothing interview, Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 29; White Bull interview, Hardorff, Indian Views, 158; Tall Bull interview, Hammer, Custer in ’76, 213; Beck, Inkpaduta, 139; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 209; Dickson, Sitting Bull Surrender Census, 38; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 344.
49. Flying By interview, Hardorff, Camp, Custer, and the Little Bighorn, 90; White Bull interview, Hardorff, Indian Views, 158; Anderson, “A Sioux Pictorial Account,” 101; Neihardt, When the Tree Flowered, 223 (quotation); Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse, 204–205. Flying By insisted that the major break-up occurred on Beaver Creek. In that locale, Beaver Creek and the Little Missouri River are parallel drainages.
50. White Bull interview, Hardorff, Indian Views, 158; Geo. P. Buell ltr., Sept. 9, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 208; John Colhoff to Helen Blish, Apr. 7, 1929, Hinman Notebook, Sandoz Papers, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse, 204–205.
51. Eagle Shield account, Geo. P. Buell and W. H. Wood ltrs., Feb. 19, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 208; Red Horse account, Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 86; Respects Nothing interview, Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 30; Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, 275.
52. H. W. Bingham tele., Aug. 5, 1876, and ltr., July 29, 1876, NA M234, CRA, Roll 129, 230 and 239 respectively; P. H. Sheridan tele., Aug. 9, 1876, W. T. Sherman tele, Aug. 12, 1876, both NA M234, CRA, Roll 129, 685; R. E. Johnston ltr., Sept. 7, 1876, NA M234, SRA, Roll 847, 220; W. P. Carlin rpt., Aug. 26, 1876, NA M234, SRA, Roll 847, 616.
53. Geo. P. Buell ltr., Sept. 9, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 208.
54. Black Bear account, “An Indian Interviewed,” Cheyenne Daily Leader, Nov. 1, 1876; “Against Sitting Bull,” New York Herald, Aug. 15, 1876; “Indian Arms and Ammunition,” Cheyenne Daily Leader, July 14, 1876.
55. Potter, From Our Special Correspondent, 107, 254; “Personal Paragraphs,” Cheyenne Daily Leader, June 10, 1876; Cheyenne Daily Leader, June 11, 1876.
56. “An Army Officer’s View,” New York Times, July 13, 1876 (quotation); W. R. Steele ltr., July 28, 1876, NA M234, STA, Roll 841, 208; M. C. Foot ltr, Aug. 15, 1876, NA M234, STA, Roll 841, 211; “Carrying Ammunition to the Hostiles,” Black Hills Weekly Pioneer, July 29, 1876; “Spotted Tail Reserve,” Omaha Daily Bee, Sept. 13, 1876.
57. Medicine Cloud statement, Thos. J. Mitchell rpt., [Aug. 1, 1876], NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 504 (quotation); Little Buck Elk interview, Thos. J. Mitchell ltr., Sept. 26, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 538; [W. P.] Carlin ltr., Aug. 22, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 486; “Hunting Bull’s Braves,” Omaha Herald, Aug. 19, 1876; “The Sentiments and Opinions of Sitting Bull,” New York Herald, Aug. 19, 1876; “Sitting Bull,” Bismarck Weekly Tribune, Oct. 18, 1876.
58. C. W. Darling ltr., Aug. 22, 1876, NA M234, Fort Berthold Agency, Roll 295, 929.
11. The Hunted
1. “Gen. Terry on the March,” New York Tribune, Sept. 5, 1876; “Camping With Crook,” New York World, Sept. 17, 1876; “Up the Yellowstone,” New York Herald, Sept. 17, 1876.
2. Thos. J. Mitchell ltr., Sept. 14, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 522; Jerome A. Greene, Yellowstone Command: Colonel Nelson A. Miles and the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), 58.
3. Thos. J. Mitchell ltr., Sept. 14, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 522; McCrady, Living with Strangers, 66.
4. Swelled Face statement, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 21, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 197; Geo. P. Buell ltr., Sept. 9, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 208; P. H. Sheridan tele., Sept. 8, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 534; P. H. Sheridan ltr., Aug. 8, 1876, NA M234, CRA, Roll 129, 674; Charger, “Chronology of the Sioux Indians from an Early Period,” 3.
5. Red Horse account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 27, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 246; Tall Bull statement, Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 92; Swelled Face statement, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 21, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 197 (quotation); Eagle Shield account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 19, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 208.
6. “An Indian Interviewed,” Cheyenne Daily Leader, Nov. 1, 1876; Sandoz, Crazy Horse, 339n1; Red Horse account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 27, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 246; Anderson, “A Sioux Pictorial Account,” 102; Hedren, John Finerty Reports the Sioux War, 194; Jerome A. Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876: An Episode of the Great Sioux War (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982), 49. White Bull was positive that Iron Plume was a Sans Arc. White Bull notes, Group 1, Box 2, Camp Papers, BYU, Provo, Utah. The number of lodges in this small camp was almost immediately disputed. Red Horse asserted a camp of forty-eight lodges. Many Shields, a Sans Arc, said forty lodges (Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 89). White accounts consistently stated thirty-seven lodges, plus another four that did not have covers stretched over them, and those numbers based on actual field counts. Bourke, Diaries, Vol. 2, 108.
7. “Crook’s Campaign,” New York Herald, Oct. 2, 1876; Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876, 63.
8. Bourke, Diaries, Vol. 2, 108; Short Bull interview, Carroll, Eleanor H. Hinman Interviews, 41 (first quotation); “Crook’s Campaign,” New York Herald, Oct. 2, 1876; Hedren, John Finerty Reports the Sioux War, 193 (second quotation); Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876, 73. The guidon and a buffalo skin tipi collected on the scene were celebrated trophies soon photographed and eventually donated to museums where they are seen yet today. Vaughn, “The Buckskin Lodge at Slim Buttes,” chapter in Indian Fights, 185–86.
9. Bourke, Diaries, Vol. 2, 109–10; Hedren, John Finerty Reports the Sioux War, 183 (first quotation); Black Bear account, “An Indian Interviewed,” Cheyenne Daily Leader, Nov. 1, 1876; Short Bull interview, Carroll, Eleanor H. Hinman Interviews, 41; Bray, Crazy Horse, 244.
10. King, Campaigning With Crook and Stories of Army Life, 119, 131; Short Bull interview, Carroll, Eleanor H. Hinman Interviews, 41; Hedren, John Finerty Reports the Sioux War, 188; Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse, 212. Sources differ on the matter of the morphine injection. Doctor Valentine McGillycuddy asserted that he did, in fact, administer a hypodermic of morphine. Julia B. McGillycuddy, McGillycuddy Agent: A Biography of Dr. Valentine B. McGillycuddy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1941), 58.
11. Red Horse account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 27, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 246; Charger, “Chronology of the Sioux Indians from an Early Period,” 4; Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 137; He Dog interview, Hammer, Custer in ’76, 208; Sandoz, Crazy Horse, 340; “The Indian Campaign,” New York Times, Sept. 17, 1876; King, Campaigning With Crook and Stories of Army Life, 104.
12. “Indians,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 19, 1876; Hedren, John Finerty Reports the Sioux War, 197; Charger, “Chronology of the Sioux Indians from an Early Period,” 4.
13. “Indians,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 19, 1876; Vestal, Sitting Bull, 187–88.
14. Short Bull interview, Carroll, Eleanor H. Hinman Interviews, 41 (first quotation); He Dog interview, Crazy Horse Papers, Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, NE, (second quotation).
15. “The Sioux Commission,” Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1877–78 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1878), 413; “Instructions for Commissioners,” Sept. 1, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 257, 101; Forty-Fourth Congress, 2d Session, 19 Stat., 254, Chap. 72, Feb. 28, 1877, Charles J. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. 1 (Laws) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 254–57; Red Cloud interview, Jensen, Ricker Indian Interviews, 345.
16. Charger, “Chronology of the Sioux Indians from an Early Period,” 4; McDermott, Red Cloud, 87–91; Edward Lazarus, Black Hills, White Justice: The Sioux Nation Versus the United States, 1775 to the Present (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), 110.
17. Forty-Fourth Congress, 2d Session, 19 Stat., 254, Chap. 72, Feb. 28, 1877, Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. 1, 259; “The Council at Red Cloud,” New York Times, Sept. 21, 1876.
18. “The Sioux Commission,” New York Herald, Sept. 27, 1876 (quotation); Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse, 219–21; Sandoz, “The Lost Sitting Bull,” in Hostiles and Friendlies, 102–103; Gardner, The Earth Is All that Lasts, 264–65; William Garnett interview, Jensen, Ricker Indian Interviews, 87–88.
19. Forty-Fourth Congress, 2nd Sess., 19 Stat., 254, Chap. 72, Feb. 28, 1877, Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, Vol. 1, 259–60, 262–64; Yellow Horse recollection, Jensen, Ricker Indian Interviews, 325; “Last Surviving Signer of Indian Treaty,” Sunshine Magazine, September 1929, 29; John Y. Simons, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Vol. 28: November 1, 1876-September 30, 1878 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005), 97; Cozzens, The Earth Is Weeping, 278–79.
20. Cozzens, The Earth Is Weeping, 281–82.
21. Red Horse account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 27, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 246; McCrady, Living with Strangers, 32, 65.
22. Little Buck Elk account, Thomas J. Mitchell ltr., Sept. 25, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 538.
23. Ibid.; Red Horse account, W. H. Wood ltr., Feb. 27, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 246; George Boyle ltr., Oct. 8, 1876, within W. B. Hazen ltr., Oct. 11, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 701.
24. Waggoner, Witness, 122–23; John S. Gray, “What Made Johnnie Bruguier Run?” MMWH 14 (April 1964): 37, 42; “Standing Rock News,” Bismarck Tribune, Dec. 22, 1876; “Johnny Brughiere,” Winners of the West, Aug. 20, 1932; Bourke, Diaries, Vol. 2, 346.
25. “Abstract of Letter from John E. Brughuire,” Winners of the West, Oct. 30, 1932; Waggoner, Witness, 124–25; Vestal, Warpath, 218; Spotted Bear statement, Campbell Collection, OU; He Dog interview, Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 77 (quotation).
26. Thos. J. Mitchell tele., Oct. 13, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 548 (Mitchell reported that the crossing occurred at the mouth of the Big Horn River); Bear Face interview, John S. Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” Chicago Westerners Brand Book (May 1966): 17–18; N. A. Miles rpt., Oct. 25, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 790.
27. Vestal, Warpath, 219, 221 (first quotations); Greene, Yellowstone Command, 81–88; White Bull interview, Hardorff, Indian Views, 158–59; John S. Gray, “Sitting Bull Strikes the Glendive Supply Trains,” Chicago Westerners Brand Book (June 1971): 26; “Indian Warfare,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 7, 1876 (fight); Howard, Warrior Who Killed Custer, 50 (final quotations), 51.
28. Vestal, Warpath, 221–22; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 260n37. We have from Bruguier’s nephew, John E. Brughière, the Lakota text of the message, plus a literal translation, and the rendition tied to the stake, Vestal, Warpath, 222, 222n1.
29. Vestal, Sitting Bull, 192–93; Bear Face interview, Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” 18; Gray, “Sitting Bull Strikes the Glendive Supply Trains,” 31; “The Indian Campaign,” New York Herald, Nov. 27, 1876; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 89–90.
30. “Sitting Bull,” New York Herald, Nov. 6, 1876; Gardner, The Earth Is All that Lasts, 266.
31. “Winter Campaigning Against Indians in Montana in 1876,” Winners of the West, Sept. 30, 1933; Bear Face interview, Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” 18; “Sitting Bull,” New York Herald, Nov. 6, 1876; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 90–91.
32. Spotted Elk interview, W. H. Wood ltr., Mar. 1, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 268; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 93–94; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 171.
33. White Bull interview, Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 112 (first quotation); Bear Face interview, Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” 18–19; Nelson A. Miles rpt., Oct. 25, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 790 (second quotation); Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 171–72.
34. Spotted Elk interview, W. H. Wood ltr., Mar. 1, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 268; Bear Face interview, Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” 19; Bear Face, Waggoner, Witness, 394–95; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 172.
35. N. A. Miles rpt., Oct. 25, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 790; Waggoner, Witness, 676n36.3; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 95–96; Vestal, Sitting Bull, 198; Miles, Personal Recollections, 226 (quotation); Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 172.
36. Miles, Personal Recollections, 225 (quotation); James Willard Schultz, William Jackson, Indian Scout (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1926; reprint, Springfield, IL: William K. Cavanaugh, 1976), 182–83; Vic Smith, The Champion Buffalo Hunter: The Frontier Memoirs of Yellowstone Vic Smith (Helena, MT: TwoDot, 1997), 68 (one hundred lodges); Greene, Yellowstone Command, 100–104.
37. Vestal, Warpath, 223 (quotation); Wm. Hazen rpt., Oct. 27, 1876, within R. C. Drum tele., Oct. 31, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 256, 101; Schultz, William Jackson, 184.
38. Waggoner, Witness, 151, 424; Bear Face interview, Gray, “Peace-talkers from Standing Rock Agency,” 19; Spotted Elk interview, W. H. Wood ltr., Mar. 1, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 268; Schultz, William Jackson, 184.
39. Gray, “What Made Johnnie Bruguier Run?” 45; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 172–73.
40. Spotted Elk account, Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 109; Schultz, William Jackson, 184–85; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 107–108.
41. Miles, Personal Recollections, 228; Anderson, “A Sioux Pictorial Account,” 102; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 108. Miles’s numbers appear misleading and perhaps intentionally so. The established Miniconjou and Sans Arc lodge counts at Little Big Horn were seventy-five and sixty-five, respectively, and even while continually splitting and realigning, those numbers had not risen appreciably since, with an exception perhaps of the arrival of the Bull Eagle and Red Skirt bands, who most regarded as agency people. See Harry H. Anderson, “A History of the Cheyenne River Indian Agency and its Military Post, Fort Bennett, 1868–1891,” South Dakota Report and Historical Collections, Vol. 28 (Pierre: South Dakota Historical Society, 1957), 470–71.
42. Schultz, William Jackson, 185; E. H. Hyat, “Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,” Nov. 1, 1877, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1877–78, 411; Geo. D. Ruggles note, Nov. 7, 1876, and N. A Miles rpt., Oct. 27, 1876 (quotation), both within J. D. Cameron ltr., Nov. 16, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 800; Anderson, “A History of the Cheyenne River Indian Agency and its Military Post,” 470; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 108–109.
43. Anderson, “A Sioux Pictorial Account,” 103; Spotted Elk interview, W. H. Wood ltr., Mar. 1, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 262, 268.
44. Thos. J. Mitchell ltrs., Oct. 23, Nov. 11 (two), Nov. 13, 1876, all NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 631, 600, 641, and 604 respectively; George Boyle ltr., Oct. 8, 1876, within W. B. Hazen ltr., Oct. 11, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 701; “A Report from Indian Agent Mitchell,” New York Herald, Dec. 2, 1876; McCrady, Living with Strangers, 66–68; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 176; Gray, “What Made Johnnie Bruguier Run?” 44.
45. George Boyle ltr., Oct. 8, 1876, within W. B. Hazen ltr., Oct. 11, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 701; Thos. J. Mitchell ltr., Nov. 11, 1876, NA M234, MS, Roll 505, 600; McCrady, Living with Strangers, 68; Schultz, William Jackson, 185; Anderson, “A Sioux Pictorial Account,” 105; Utley, The Lance and The Shield, 176 (quotations), 203.
46. Miles, Personal Recollections, 221; Schultz, William Jackson, 185–86; Nelson A. Miles ltr., Oct. 26, 1876, NA M234, DS, Roll 258, 790.
47. “Winter Campaigning Against Indians in Montana in 1876,” Winners of the West, Sept. 30, 1932; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 122ff; Cozzens, The Earth Is Weeping, 299–300.
48. “Winter Campaigning Against Indians in Montana in 1876,” Winners of the West, Sept. 30, 1932; Joseph Culbertson, “Fighting Sitting Bull After Custer Battle Described by Scout for Miles,” Winners of the West, Nov. 30, 1933; R. C. Drum tele., Jan. 16, 1877, NA M234, DS, Roll 259, 10; Chronological List of Action, &c., With Indians from January 15, 1837 to January, 1891 ([Washington, DC]: Adjutant General’s Office, 1891; reprint, Fort Collins, Colo.: Old Army Press, 1979), 63; Joseph Manzione, “I Am Looking to the North for My Life,” Sitting Bull, 1876–1881 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991), 26; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 140–41.
49. “Mrs. Spotted Horn Bull’s View,” McLaughlin, My Friend the Indian, 177.
50. The pony confiscation policy is well studied. See particularly Richmond L. Clow, “General Philip Sheridan’s Legacy: The Sioux Pony Campaign of 1876,” Nebraska History 57 (Winter 1976): 461–76; and Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army, 322–27.
51. Waggoner, Witness, 132; “Indians Disarmed,” New York Herald, Oct. 27, 1876; “Red Cloud Disarmed and Deposed,” “Disarmament at Standing Rock,” Army and Navy Journal, Oct. 28, and Nov. 4, 1876 respectively; Paul L. Hedren, Great Sioux War Orders of Battle: How the United States Army Waged War on the Northern Plains, 1876–1877 (Norman, OK: Arthur H. Clark Company, 2011), 132–37; Clow, “General Philip Sheridan’s Legacy,” 462–63; Olson, Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem, 234–35.
52. Hämäläinen, Lakota America, 373; Alfred H. Terry tele., Oct. 26, 1876, NA M234, SRA, Roll 847, 692; Waggoner, Witness, 132 (first quotation); Charger, “Chronology of the Sioux Indians from an Early Period,” 3 (second quotation); Little No Heart ltr., Dec. 11, 1877, M234, CRA, Roll 130, 676 (third quotation); Hugh Lenox Scott, Some Memories of a Soldier (New York: Century Co., 1928), 37.
53. Alfred H. Terry rpt., Nov. 16, 1878, NA M234, SRA, Roll 850, 307; J. F. Cravens rpt., Aug. 18, 1877, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1877–78, 448–49; Theo. Schwan rpt., Aug. 20, 1879, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, 1879–80 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), 126–27; Manypenny, Our Indian Wards, 319–20, 360–61; Alfred H. Terry tele., Oct. 26, 1876, NA M234, SRA, Roll 847, 692; Anderson, “A History of the Cheyenne River Indian Agency and its Military Post,” 466–68; Clow, “General Philip Sheridan’s Legacy,” 466–67, 470, 472–74; Waggoner, Witness, 134; Bourke, Diaries, Vol. 2, 152; “U.S. to Pay Sioux Indians for Ponies Taken in 1876,” New York Times, July 4, 1945.
