Tripped, page 22
postwar cooperation with US military, 75–76, 80–85, 81n
Sandoz contract, 55, 83
Stoll and, 54–55, 61, 63, 63, 80, 82, 85, 189n63, 191n82
Willstätter and, 54
L. Light and Co., 132–33
Landesopiumstelle, 10
Lashbrook, Robert, 103
Leary, Timothy, 130–39, 141–43, 148, 149, 198n133, 199n135, 200n138
Lehmann, Herr, 188n61
Lennon, John, 143, 149
Life magazine, 123–24, 125, 127, 129
Loucks, Charles E., 84–85
Loucks, Pearl, 85
Louis XIV, King (France), 185n19
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). See also psychedelics
in alcoholism treatment, 107
for Alzheimer’s disease, xi, 15, 167–68, 170, 172–76
for anxiety, 163
author’s lucky charm, 22–24, 51–53
bad trips, 100
Beecher’s experiments, 92–93, 97–98
black market, 137, 141, 170
brain impact, 173–74
CIA academic research projects, 104–10, 129–30
CIA experiments, 99–103
CIA safe house research, 111–18, 113, 116, 196n117
CIA Veteran Hospital experiments, 142
clinical research, 15
Cold War concerns, 81, 84–85, 97–98
Delysid brand, 26, 157
doses, 64
dosing and tolerance buildup experiments, 110
drug category, 193n93
FDA and, 89, 99, 134, 145
as hippie drug, 39
Hofmann’s book, 158
Hofmann’s discovery, 27, 31, 31–32, 37, 39, 45, 46, 185n21
Hofmann’s trials, 32–37, 52
imprisonment for, 148
introduction, ix–xiii
media negativity toward, 142
medical research boom, 86–87
for mental illness, 86, 88
microdosing, xi, 36, 71, 167, 170, 173–75
musicians’ use of, 143–44
Nazi influence in US policy, xii–xiii
origins and emergence, 14, 15
Pickard’s lab, ix–x
popularity, 129–31, 141–43
as potential Cold War weapon, 84–85, 97–98
potential product names, 93, 193n93
psilocybin similarities, 126–27
in psychotherapy treatment, 161
recreational use, 141–44, 146–47, 158
related drugs, 36–37
renaissance in pharmaceutical industry, 14
Sandoz efforts to bring to market, 88, 89–90, 93, 98–99
Sandoz patent, 98
Sandoz research, 80
Sandoz sales, 130, 132–37, 199n135
Sandoz trials on mentally ill, 70–71
Sandoz trip chamber, 69–70
as schedule 1 drug, 145
sensory impressions and, 173
societal reversal on view of, xi, xiii
Stoll’s lectures, 80, 81, 89–91
street price, 147
trip descriptions, 33–36, 50, 69–70, 99–100, 143
underground production, 146–47
US laws against, 145
worldwide ban, 145
LSD—mein Sorgenkind (LSD, My Problem Child) (Hofmann), 158
LSD–Problem Child and Wonder Drug (symposium), 161
LTD (dihydrolysergic acid diethylamide), 37
Ludwig III, King (Bavaria), 17
Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, 17
lysergic acid, 30–31, 31
lysergic acid diethylamide. See LSD
magic mushrooms, 121–27, 125, 129–32, 202n156
Manhattan Project, 73, 190n73
Mao Zedong, 85, 132
marijuana. See cannabis
Marin County, California, 196n117
Marks, John, 113n
Massachusetts General Hospital, 92–93
Mauthausen concentration camp, 78
Max Planck Society for Medical Research, 60, 81n
McCarthy, Joseph, 91–92
McGill University, 107–8
MDMA, 162, 163
Mellon, Andrew C., 181n5
Memantine (dementia drug), 169, 172
mental illness, LSD trials, 70–71, 86, 88
Merck company, 5, 21, 125–26
mescaline
about, 62n
drug category, 193n93
LSD comparison, 147
Nazi experiments, 79
Nazi use, 62, 65–66
ruled out as truth drug, 90
methamphetamine, 5, 23, 62, 74. See also Pervitin
Methergine (drug), 31, 41, 156
methylene blue (dye), 16
Meyer, Cord, 139–40
microdosing LSD, xi, 36, 71, 167, 170, 173–75
migraine treatment, 21, 41
Miller, Arthur, 92
Mindszenty, József, 91n
Mittelhaus, Werner, 6–7, 8, 56
MK-Ultra
biological and chemical materials, 95
cryptonym, 194n95
files destroyed, 113, 113n
Gottlieb as director, 96, 97–104
harassment substances, 196n117
launch, 95
LSD academic research projects, 104–10, 129–30
LSD concerns, 95, 97–99
LSD experiments, 99–103
LSD safe house research, 111–18, 113, 116, 196n117
LSD Veteran Hospital experiments, 142
unplanned results of LSD research, 143
morphine, 5, 7, 56, 187n56
Mulholland, John, 114
Müller, Reinhard, 61
mushrooms, 121–27, 125, 129–32, 202n156. See also psilocybin
Mutterkorn “mother grain.” See ergot
Narcotic Control Working Party, 4–5, 9, 12–13
Narcotic Farm, Lexington, Kentucky, 108–10, 153
Narcotics Act (Switzerland), 161
Narcotics Control Act (1956), 109
National Socialists. See Nazis
Nazis. See also concentration camps
chemical weapons, 61
euthanasia program, 56, 187n56
former Nazis assisting FBN, 7, 72
influence on US drug policy, xii–xiii, 7–10
introduction, xii
Jews barred from business, 55–56
Jews barred from teaching, 55
Kuhn as, 60–61, 188n61
methamphetamine use, 74
Nobel Prize and, 60–61
Pervitin use, 36
postwar underground, 5
Swiss economic ties, 47–48
“truth drugs,” xii, 62, 66
Nembutal (barbiturate), 103
neuroplasticity, 15, 164–66
neurotransmitters, 87, 87n
neurotropica, 194n93
Nicholson, Jack, 142
nicotinic acid diethylamide, 31
nightshades, 62, 189n62
Nixon, Richard, 148–54, 152
Nobel Prize, 17, 54, 60–61, 81n, 188n61
North Korea, 91
Nova Express (Burroughs), 144
Novartis. See also Ciba-Geigy; Sandoz
archive, 22, 23, 24–37, 46, 49–59, 195n98
credit for new developments, 202n156
current status, 157
formation, 22
Methergine, 156
mission, 25
refusal to do psychedelic research, 166, 166n
nuclear arms race, 85, 140
nuclear technology, 73
Nuremberg, Germany, 55–56, 59n
Nuremberg Code, 79, 93, 110, 172
Nuremberg trials, 75, 77–79, 90
Oaxaca, Mexico, 121–24
Oerlikor-Bührle (Swiss manufacturer), 47
Olson, Frank, 101–3, 114
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey novel and film), 142
oneirogens, 194n93
Operation Paperclip, 75
opioids, 5, 108n
opium, 11, 11n, 88n
Opium Office of the Land or Province, 10
Osmond, Humphry, 129, 138, 145, 160
paint industry, 15–16
Pan (psychonaut), 22–24, 165, 176
Paracelsus, 20
Parkinson’s disease, 41
Parlodel (drug), 41
Pervitin, 5, 36, 62, 86
phantastica, 194n93
phrenotopica, 194n93
Pickard, Leonard, ix–xi
Pinchot, Mary, 139–40
Plötner, Kurt, 65–66, 78, 79, 90
Polish resistance, 65
Presley, Elvis, 149–54, 150, 152, 171
Princeton University, 94–95
Prohibition (US), 181n5
prostitutes, CIA use of, 115–17
psilocybin. See also mushrooms; psychedelics
for anxiety in cancer patients, 162
for depression, 162, 163, 165
emergence, 14
FDA concerns, 134
Hofmann’s isolation of, 126–27
impact on brain, 165
Leary’s Psilocybin Project, 132–34, 137, 198n133
LSD similarities, 126–27
potency, 147
in psychotherapy treatment, 161
recent and future research, 162–67
Sandoz sales, 132–34
sensory impressions and, 173
US laws against, 145
The Psychedelic Experience (Leary), 143
psychedelics. See also LSD; psilocybin
coining of term, 129
emergence, 14
introduction, xii–xiii
medical research, limits on, xiii, 165–66
Nazi studies, xii
new approach needed, 176–77
pharmaceutical industry renaissance, xiii, 14
popularity, 129–32
sensory impressions and, 173
taboos, 15
psychological warfare, 94–95
psychonauts, 22
psychopharmaceuticals, 89
psychotica, 194n93
psychotomimetics, 86–87, 129, 194n93
psychotropic drugs, 194n93
Pynchon, Thomas, 197n126
racism in drug policies, xii, 8, 10, 13n
racism in research, 110
Ramstein, Susanne, 33–34, 37
Rauschgiftbekämpfung (fight against narcotics), xii
Reagan, Ronald, 149
rehabilitation facilities, 108–10
Reich Headquarters for Combating Narcotic Crime (Reichszentrale zur Bekampfung [sic] von Rauschgiftvergehen), 6–7, 56
Reich Health Office (Reichsgesundheitsamt), 9, 10
Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptampt), 8, 62–63, 62n
Reichsrat, 10
Reichstag, 10
Reko, Blasius Paul, 121–22
resistance, 65
Rinkel, Max, 86, 137
The Road to Eleusis (Hofmann, G. Wasson, and Ruck), 160
Rockefeller Foundation, 107
Rollins, Sonny, 109
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 92, 183n8
Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 85
Rothlin, Ernst, 35
Ruch, Frau Dr., 34
Ruck, Carl, 159, 160
Russian Zone (postwar Berlin), 12–13, 83–84
rye. See ergot
Sabina, Maria, 122–24
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 121
Sandoz (Swiss company). See also Novartis; Stoll, Arthur
archive, 22, 23, 26–37, 46, 49–59
beginnings, 17, 184n17
CIA’s LSD purchase, 98, 118, 133
current status, 157
Delysid (LSD), 26, 157
ergotamine monopoly, 89
ergot cultivation, 41–45
ergot research, 55
FDA and, 89, 99, 132–37, 199n135
Gynergen, 89
Hofmann’s career, 27, 30–37, 185n21
Hofmann’s retirement, 155–56
hydergine, 41, 89, 155, 167
introduction, xi
Kuhn and, 55, 189n63
logo, 51
LSD discovery, 27, 31, 31–32, 37, 39, 45, 46, 185n21
LSD, efforts to bring onto market, 81–82, 88, 89–90, 93, 98–99
LSD patent, 98
LSD production, xi, 146
LSD sales, 86, 130, 132–37, 199n135
LSD samples recalled, 145
LSD trials, 32–37, 69–71
LSD, US Army interest in, 84–85
merger with Ciba-Geigy, 22
Methergine, 31, 41, 156
mushroom experiments, 124–27, 125
Nazi appeasement, 55–56, 187n56
Nuremberg office, 55–56, 59n, 187n56
paint manufacturing, 15
pharmaceutical branch, ix, 15–16
psilocybin, 126–27, 132–34
psychedelic medicines, 127–28
research into natural substances, 17–18, 20–21, 185n21
Stoll as president of board of directors, 89–90
thiopental used in executions, 157
warehouse fire and Rhine contamination (1986), 156–57
Willstätter and, 55–56, 58–59, 59n
San Francisco, 115–17, 143–44, 196n117
saxitoxin, 101–2
schedule 1 drugs, 145
Schering company, 21
Schilling, Dr., 34, 35
schizophrenia, 86–87, 107–8
Schleich, Eduard, the Elder, 57
Schori, Max, 42
Schrader, Paul, 22
scopolamine (nightshade alkaloid), 62, 189n62
Second World War. See also concentration camps; Nazis
Allied opium supply, 11n
casualties, 69
Japanese biological weapons, 102
Swiss economy, 47–48
Swiss food production, 42
Ultra classification, 194n95
serotonin, 87n
Sidorov, Major General, 12
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (UN), 11n, 145
SKF company, 125–26
Soman (chemical weapon), 61
Sophocles, 160
South Korea, 91
Soviet Union, 12–13, 83–84, 91, 91n, 94–95. See also Cold War
SS, medical experiments in concentration camps, 78
St. Anthony’s fire, 18–20
Stanley, Owsley “Bear,” 146–47
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf von, 66
Steiner, Dr., 21
Stoll, Arthur. See also Gynergen; Sandoz
academic career, 17
art collection, 56–57, 57n
background, 16–17
career beginnings, 17, 184n17
CIA purchase of LSD, 98, 133
correspondence, 53–59, 63, 63, 187n56, 189n63
efforts to bring LSD onto market, 89–91
ergot cultivation, 42–43
ergot research, 18, 20–21
Hofmann and, 30–31, 32, 35–36, 155, 185n21, 202n156
Hofmann’s LSD discovery, 35–36
introduction, xii
Kuhn and, 54–55, 61, 63, 63, 82, 85, 189n63, 191n82
LSD lectures, 80, 81, 89–91
LSD trials on mentally ill patients, 70–71
LSD trip chamber, 69–70
research into natural substances, 17–18, 20–21
retirement, 133
role in LSD history, xii
Sandoz archive, 46, 53–54
as Sandoz CEO, 21, 89–90, 127–28
on Sandoz ergotamine monopoly, 89
scruples, 55–57
on wartime resources, 32
Willstätter and, 16, 17, 18, 54, 55–59, 59n, 184n17, 185n21, 187n56
Stoll, Werner, 70–71, 85
sulphonamides, 65n
T4 (Nazi euthanasia program), 56, 187n56
Taxi Driver (film), 22
Temmler company, 5, 36
The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Craesbeeck painting), 19–20
thiazines, 16
thiopental (anesthetic), 157
Third Reich. See Nazis
Thomas, Dylan, 111
Thompson, Hunter S., 142
Tibetan Book of the Dead, 143
“Tomorrow Never Knows” (Beatles song), 143
Treichler, Ray, 98
Truman, Harry S., 76, 84, 92
truth drugs
Alsos search for, 75–76, 78–79
concentration camp experiments, 78–79
Dachau experiments, 65–66
mescaline, 62n
methamphetamine, 62
Nazi use of, 62, 66
scopolamine, 189n62
US military search for, 90
trypanrot, 16
Turkey, opium production, 11, 11n
United Nations (UN)
Beringer’s mescaline research, 62n
Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 10–11, 13
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 161, 164
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 11n, 145
United States. See also Cold War; specific agencies, locations, and military branches
drug laws, 109
Korean War, 91, 102, 193n91
War on Drugs, xii, 149
University of Heidelberg, 60, 62n, 81n
US Army, 80, 93
US Army Chemical Center, 84
US Defense Department, 90, 92
US Marine Corps, 73
US State Department, 92
US War Department, 90, 92
Valium, 89
van der Lubbe, Marius, 62
Vietnam War, 141, 143, 146, 148
Vollenweider, Franz, 163–67, 170, 173
von Braun, Werner, 75
von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich, 73
War on Drugs, xii, 149
Washington, DC, 114–15
Wasson, Gordon, 122–24, 129, 159, 160
Wasson, Valentina, 122
Weber, Bruno, 65
Weiher, Switzerland, 42
Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von, 73
Wellcome (US pharmaceutical company), 20
Welles, Orson, 92
wheat, 18n
White, George Hunter, 112–17
White Horse Tavern, New York, 111
Williams, Hank, 171
Willstätter, Richard
autobiography, 57, 59, 59n
barred from teaching by Nazis, 55
Berlin laboratory, 16, 185n21
daughter, 59
death, 59, 59n
hiding from Nazis, 58, 188n58
Kuhn and, 54
Nobel Prize, 17, 54
personal character, 59
rose garden, 58, 188n58
Sandoz contract, 58–59
Stoll and, 16, 17, 18, 54, 55–59, 59n, 184n17, 185n21, 187n56
Willard Gibbs Award, 55
Wolfe, Tom, 142
Woodstock Festival, 143
World Economic Forum (Davos 2022), 162–63
World Psychiatric Association, 107
World War I. See First World War
World War II. See Second World War
Yugoslavia, opium production, 11
Zappa, Frank, 144
Zurich University Psychiatric Clinic, 71
