A Forgotten Ambassador in Cairo, page 38
2. The date of birth is as per Syud Hossain’s passport application to the British government which was issued at New York on 14 January 1930. Microfiche copy found in the British IPI files at Columbia University Library. An email from Mr Syud Iqbal Ahmed to the author dated 30 January 2019 also confirmed the year of birth as 1888. Syud Iqbal Ahmed is the son of Syud Ali Ahmed, Syud Hossain’s older brother. The latter served the East Bengal and Assam Police as Deputy Superintendent. The Government of India however inscribed Syud Hossain’s tombstone with the year of birth as 1890. The reason for this is not known.
3. A Short Family History of Mir Ashraf Ali of Dhaka by Nawab Syud Mohammed Azad, written first in Urdu in 1913 and later published by Syud Iqbal Ahmed, Dhaka in 1998.
4. Twelve Men of Bengal by F.B. Bradley-Birt, S.K. Lahiri and Co., Calcutta, 4th edition, 1927, pages 111- 139.
5. From Purdah to Parliament by Begum Shaistha Ikramullah. Oxford University Press, Pakistan, 1963, pages 6-7.
6. Telephonic interview with Syud Iqbal Ahmed and the author on 27 January 2019.
7. An Advanced History of India by R.C. Majumdar, et al. Macmillan India Ltd, Fourth Edition, 1978, page 849.
8. Begum Shaistha Ikramullah, 1963, pages 3-5.
9. Digital Records of Lincoln’s Inn—Vol. III, 1894 to 1956, page 99.
10. Nawab Bahadur Abdul Latif—A 19th Century Social Reformer—His Writings and Related Documents by Enamul Haque. Laila Siddique, Dhaka, 2012 edition, pages 423, 446, 447.
11. Calcutta Old and New by H.E.A. Cotton. W. Newman & Co., Calcutta, 1907, page 268.
12. Begum Shaistha Ikramullah, 1963, pages 11-12.
13. Telephonic interview with Syud Iqbal Ahmed on 27 January 2019.
14. Website of Aliah University.
15. History & Culture of the Indian People—Vol. 11—Struggle for Freedom. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, July 1969, page 62.
16. Website of the Aligarh Muslim University.
17. Prof. De’s letter of 7 June 1907—Syud Hossain papers at the NMML, New Delhi.
18. Dr E. Denison Ross’ comment—Syud Hossain papers at the NMML, New Delhi.
19. The date of Syud Hossain joining the college and leaving it are from the Alumni Directory of the AMU published in 1974, an extract of which was sent to the author by Prof. Abdus Salam of the AMU in October 2019.
20. Gandhi and the Ali Brothers—Biography of a Friendship by Rakhahari Chatterji. Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2013. Kindle edition.
21. The Homeward Mail, 23 January 1909, British Newspaper Archives.
22. Echoes of Old Dacca by Syud Hossain. Originally published in 1909, reprinted in 2001 by Hakkani Publishers, Dhaka.
23. Telephonic interview with Syud Iqbal Ahmed on 27 January 2019.
2. England and Lincoln’s Inn
1. Digital Records of Lincoln’s Inn—Vol. III, 1894 to 1956, page 99.
2. George Joseph—The Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist by George Gheverghese Joseph. Orient Blackswan, Hyderabad, 2003, Kindle Edition, Chapter 4.
3. Savarkar—Echoes from a Forgotten Past 1883-1924 by Vikram Sampath. Penguin Random House, 2019, page 118.
4. Horniman’s letter dated 13 March 1910, Syud Hossain papers at the NMML, New Delhi.
5. Digital Records of Lincoln’s Inn—Vol. III, 1894 to 1956, page 87.
6. M. Asaf Ali’s Memoirs—The Emergence of Modern India by G.N.S. Raghavan. Ajanta Publications, 1994, Delhi, page 93.
7. Dr. Syud Hossain—A Glimpse of his life, speeches and writings. Edited by J.N. Chakrabartti. P. Ghosh & Company, Calcutta, 1960, page vi.
8. A Life in Shadow—The Secret Story of ACN Nambiar by Vappala Balachandran. Roli Books, New Delhi, 2016, page 49.
9. Sarojini Naidu—Selected Letters 1890s to 1940s. Edited by Makarand Paranjape. Kali for Women, 1996, New Delhi, pages 90-91.
10. Website of the National Liberal Club.
11. G.N.S. Raghavan, 1994, page 101.
12. G.N.S. Raghavan, 1994, page 102.
13. Nayantara Sahgal, in an interview with the author in Dehradun on 30 August 2019.
14. An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth by M.K. Gandhi. Navjivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1927, pages 290-291.
15. Indian Opinion —Vol. XII, No. 38 of 23 September 1914 and No. 39 of 30 September 1914, Gandhi Portal.
16. G.N.S. Raghavan, 1994, page 112.
17. Letter dated 15 October 1915, Letters from Asaf Ali. Syud Hossain papers, NMML, New Delhi.
18. Note dated 10 July [year unknown] from Asaf Ali to Syud Hossain on the letterhead of Cafe Monico located at Piccadilly Circus, London, Syud Hossain papers, NMML, New Delhi.
19. J.N. Chakrabartti, 1960, page iv.
3. A Romantic Interlude
1. Email dated 3 June 2019 between the author and the archives of Newnham College.
2. Times of India dated 6 February 1906, Through ProQuest.
3. Anthony Haigh was educated at Eton and King’s College Cambridge and joined the British Foreign Office. He was posted to Rio de Janeiro in January 1934 and got married to Gertrude (Pippa) Dodd in 1935. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1968 and died on 11 June 1989.
4. Details of Eliza Haigh and her family obtained from an email exchange dated 24 and 25 February, 2019 between the author and Ms. Ann Andrews of http://www.andrewsgen.com.
5. Times of India dated 27 November 1927, Through ProQuest.
6. A short biographical sketch of Eliza Haigh appears on the dust jacket of her book, The Creative Word by E.A.R. Haigh. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1962.
7. All the letters from Ellie Haigh to Syud Hossain are found in the Syud Hossain papers (second instalment) at the NMML, New Delhi.
8. Times of India dated 21 October 1916, Through ProQuest.
4. Return to India and Bombay Chronicle
1. “Dr. Syud Hossain” by Hashim Sufi, Director Dhaka History Research Centre. Unpublished article. Sent to the author by Syud Iqbal Ahmed.
2. History & Culture of the Indian People—Vol. 11—Struggle for Freedom. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, July 1969, pages 67-68.
3. History & Culture of the Indian People—Vol. 11—Struggle for Freedom. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, July 1969, page 237.
4. The Independent, 29 April 1919. NMML, New Delhi.
5. While the December 1959 flight of the present (14th) Dalai Lama is better known, the 13th Dalai Lama too had to suffer the same fate in 1910. He left Peking in December 1908 and came to Lhasa in December 1909. The Chinese military of the Qing dynasty reached Lhasa on 12 February 1910 and deposed him. Fearing arrest, the Dalai Lama fled the same night to Darjeeling in India, reaching there on 3 March 1910. He lived in a house given to him by the government of British India till July 1912 when he returned to Tibet. He seems to have met the Viceroy, Lord Minto, on his visit to Calcutta in 1910 at which time Horniman interviewed him.
6. Our Leaders Vol. 11. Published by Children’s Book Trust, New Delhi, 2004, page 69.
7. “Telephone Headaches” by Pothan Joseph. The Times of India, 1 July 1957. Through ProQuest.
8. George G. Joseph, 2003, Kindle edition, Chapter 6.
9. A Friend of India—Selections from the Speeches and Writings of B.G. Horniman. Lakhmidas Rowjee Tairsee and R. Venkat Ram, Bombay, August 1918, page 61.
10. Letter to Padmaja Naidu dated 24 March 1918, Syud Hossain Papers, NMML, New Delhi
11. Saving Immigrant’s Daughter by Roshan Lal Sharma. ENS Publishing, Dallas, 2009. Kindle edition. Chapter 1.
12. George G Joseph, 2003, Kindle edition, Chapter 6.
13. The Times of India 20 April 1918, Through ProQuest.
14. Mr. and Mrs. Jinnah by Sheela Reddy. Penguin Random House India, 2017, pages 116-117.
15. Sheela Reddy, page 131.
16. Proceedings of the INC, Special Session, Bombay, 1918.
17. Statement relating to the Disturbances in the City of Bombay in April 1919. Abilekh Patal, the portal of the National Archives of India.
18. G.N.S. Raghavan. 1994, page 123.
19. America’s Contribution to India’s Freedom by Haridas T. Muzumdar. Preview edition. World in Brief, 1960, page 12.
20. Role of Press and Indian freedom Struggle: All Through the Gandhian Era by A.S. Iyengar. APH Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2001, page 16.
5. Allahabad and The Independent
1. “Congress and the Press: The Case of The National Herald” by Milton Israel. The Congress and Indian Nationalism: Historical Perspectives, edited by John L. Hill, 1986.
2. Letter from Jawaharlal to Horniman dated 6 November 1918; from Jawaharlal to Syud Hossain dated 6 November 1918; from Motilal to Syud Hossain dated 8 November 1918—Syud Hossain Papers—NMML, New Delhi.
3. Letter to Sri Prakasa dated 8 January 1919, Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, Volume II, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, page 3.
4. Letter from Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal dated 5 June 1919. Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, Volume II. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, pages 17-18.
5. Letter to Sri Prakasa dated 8 January 1919 and 26 March 1919, Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, Volume II, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, pages 3, 5.
6. A.S. Iyengar, 2001, pages 17-18.
7. Anand Bhawan—An Intimate History by Gitanjali Surendran. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 2018, page 34.
8. Motilal Nehru by B.R. Nanda. Publications Division of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India,1964, reprinted March 1970, page 118.
9. Letter from Gandhi to Syud Hossain dated 30 January 1919, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 15, page 81.
10. The Independent, 11 February 1919, NMML, New Delhi.
11. The Independent, 20 April 1919, NMML New Delhi.
12. Letter from Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal dated 5 June 1919. Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, Volume II. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, pages 17-18.
6. Rowlatt Act and Amritsar (1919)
1. The History & Culture of the Indian People—Struggle for Freedom, Vol. 11. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1969, pages 292-294.
2. Gandhi—The Years that Changed the World—1914-1948 by Ramachandra Guha. Penguin Random House, Gurgaon, 2018, page 75.
3. “Gandhi 1915-1948—A Detailed Chronology”. Gandhi Heritage Portal. Collected Works of MKG, Vol. 15, page 130.
4. The Independent, dated 15 April 1919.
5. Jallianwala Bagh, 1919—The Real Story by Kishwar Desai. Context, Chennai, 2018, page 54.
6. An excellent narrative of the incident is given in The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer by Nigel Collett. Continuum, 2006.
7. The Civil and Military Gazette, 16 and 17 April, 1919. The Civil and Military Gazette was a newspaper founded in 1872 and published from Lahore, Simla and Karachi. It was a pro-British paper, and its claim to fame is that Rudyard Kipling, the author of Jungle Book and a Nobel laureate, was its associate editor between 1882 and 1887.
8. The Independent, 16 April 1919, NMML, New Delhi.
9. The Independent, 9 May 1919, NMML, New Delhi.
10. The Independent, 1 May 1919, NMML, New Delhi.
11. Bombay Chronicle, 4 April 1919, NMML, New Delhi.
12. The Independent, 2 May 1919. NMML, New Delhi.
13. The Independent, 29 April 1919. NMML, New Delhi.
14. The Independent, 1 May and 16 May 1919. NMML, New Delhi.
15. Quoted in The Hindu, 28 August 1919. Reprinted in “A Hundred Years Ago” on 28 August 2019.
16. Quoted in The Hindu, 25 November 1919. Reprinted in “A Hundred Years Ago” on 25 November 2019.
17. A.S. Iyengar, 2001.
7. Khilafat Movement (1918–20)
1. The Khilafat Movement—Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India by Gail Minault. Oxford University Press, New Delhi 1999. This book is a seminal work on the Khilafat Movement.
2. Gail Minault, 1999, page 1.
3. Khilafat Movement by Gail Minault, International Encyclopaedia of the First World War, 26 May 2015.
4. “What India Wants” by Syud Hossain. The New York Times, 9 April 1922.
5. History of the Freedom Movement in India by S.N. Sen. Fourth edition 2009, published by New Age International (P) Ltd, New Delhi, page 80.
6. The Hindu, 18 October 1919. Republished on 18 October 2019 in “A Hundred Years Ago”.
7. Gail Minault, 1999. Notes on Chapter II, note 46. Bombay Chronicle, 25 November 1919, NMML New Delhi.
8. Letter from Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal dated 16 February 1919. Selected Works of Motilal Nehru, Volume II. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi, 1984, pages 4-5.
9. India from Curzon to Nehru and After by Durga Das, Rupa Publications, New Delhi 1969, Reprint 2018, page 64.
10. Gail Minault, 1999, page 2.
11. The Khilafat Movement in India 1919-1924 by A.C. Niemeijer. Brill, 1972, Notes on Chapter V, Note 1.
12. Report of the Thirty Fourth Session of the Indian National Congress held at Amritsar on 27, 29, 30, 31 December 1919 and 1 January 1920. Published for and on behalf of the Reception Committee, 34th Indian National Congress, Amritsar, 1922.
8. Sarup Kumari Nehru
1. Gitanjali Surendran, 2018. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, 2018, page ix. In the late 1920s, Motilal constructed a smaller house in the same compound that was to serve as the new family home. The original Anand Bhawan was donated to the nation in 1930 to become the headquarters of the INC and was renamed Swaraj Bhavan. The newer, smaller house was named Anand Bhawan, and continued to be the house of the Nehru family till 1970 when Indira Gandhi donated it to the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. It is now a museum.
2. Letter from Sarup Nehru to Padmaja Naidu dated 26 February 1919. Padmaja Naidu Papers, NMML, New Delhi.
3. Letter from Sarup Nehru dated 12 September 1919. Padmaja Naidu Papers, NMML, New Delhi.
4. “Love Life of Mrs. Pandit” by H.M. Abbasi, Daily News, Karachi, 17th Nov 1971.
5. The Scope of Happiness by Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Crown Publishers Inc., New York, 1979, page 65.
6. We Nehrus by Krishna Nehru Hutheesing. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1967, page 46.
7. Sheela Reddy, 2017, pages 56-57.
8. “Love Life of Mrs. Pandit” by H.M. Abbasi, Daily News, Karachi, 17th Nov 1971.
9. Friends and Foes by K.L. Gauba. India Book Company, New Delhi, 1974, pages 64-67.
10. Reminiscences of the Nehru Age by M.O. Mathai. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1978, page 134.
11. The Independent, 24 December 1919, NMML archives.
12. A.S. Iyengar, 2001, page 24. The Khilafat Movement in India by Muhammad Naeem Qureshi. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1973, page 83, note 181. ProQuest Number 10672675.
13. Letter dated 13 March 1920 from Sarup to Padmaja. Padmaja Naidu papers, NMML New Delhi.
14. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, 1979, page 65.
15. Letter dated 13 March 1920 from Sarup to Padmaja. Padmaja Naidu papers, NMML New Delhi.
16. Young India, Vol. II No. 8, 25 February 1920, Gandhi Heritage Portal.
17. “Mahatma Gandhi opposed Interfaith Marriages” by Dr Hari Desai, Asian Voice, 20 November 2017, Online edition.
9. The Aftermath
1. Milton Israel, 1986.
2. Jawaharlal Nehru—An Autobiography. John Lane, The Bodley Head, London, page 44.
3. George G. Joseph, 2003, Chapter 7, Kindle Edition.
4. Sarojini Naidu—Selected Letters 1890s to 1940s. Edited by Makarand Paranjape. Kali for Women, New Delhi, 1996, pages 160-161.
5. Correspondence between Syud Hossain, Lt. Col. James, and the Speaker are quoted from the “Hansard” available at the British Library, London.
10. England and the Khilafat Delegation
1. India, March 5 & 12, 1920. NMML New Delhi. Most issues of India are available in the digital archives of the SOAS, University of London, and the NMML, New Delhi.
2. Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian National Congress by Milton Israel. Cambridge University Press, 1994, pages 224-225.
3. Amritsar and Our Duty to India by B.G. Horniman. T. Fisher Unwin Ltd, London, May 1920.
4. Extract from the speech in the House of Commons, on 8 July 1920.
5. Gandhi and the Ali Brothers: Biography of a Friendship by Rakhahari Chatterji. SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2013, Kindle Edition, Chapter 4.
6. The Khilafat Movement in India 1919-1924 by A.C. Niemeijer, 1972, page 99. The full text of the discussions that took place appeared in the issue of India on 26 March 1920.
7. India, 26 March 1929. The full text of the discussions that took place with the Prime Minister appeared in the India of 2 April 1920.
8. Interview with Syud Hossain, India, 19 March 1920.
9. India, 2 April 1920, page 142. H.G. Wells (1866–1946) was a British writer who attained fame in the new genre of science fiction. He was an active socialite and equally assiduous in his extra-marital affairs. During the time he rented his cottage at Easton Glebe (1910–1928), he had an affair with Rebecca West, a lady twenty-seven years his junior. Rebecca West is most well known for her book, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, an account of her travels through Yugoslavia in the mid-1930s, which arguably is the best travelogue of the 20th century.
10. The Independent, 7August 1920. NMML, New Delhi.
11. India, 30 July 1920.
12. Gail Minault, 1999, page 89.
13. Gail Minault, 1999, page 89, and India dated 21 May 1920.
14. Mohamed Ali: Ideology and Politics by Mushirul Hasan quoted by Rakhahari Chatterji in his Gandhi and the Ali Brothers: Biography of a Friendship, SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2013, Kindle edition, Chapter 4.
15. India, 3 September 1920; The Independent, 9 October 1920; The Times of India, 5 October 1920, page 8 (Through ProQuest); Gail Minault, 1999, page 90.
16. The Times of India, 6 October 1920, page 10. Through ProQuest.
17. The Khilafat Movement in India by Muhammad Naeem Qureshi. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1973, page 94. ProQuest Number 10672675.
18. The “Balfour Declaration” was contained in a letter written by Lord Balfour, the British Foreign Secretary, on 2 November 1917 to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish Community for onward transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. The operative part of the letter reads as, “His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
