The Road to Hell, page 39
Interagency Committee on Agricultural Surplus Disposal, 195
Intercontinental Hotel (Nairobi), 237
Interchurch Medical Assistance, 271
International Fertilizer Association (IFA), 48
International Golf and Tennis Club (Mogadishu), 81
International Herald Tribune, 30
International Rescue Committee, Somalia and, 209, 242
Interstate Grain, 191
Iran, U.S. hostages in, 36
Isaaq clan, 69, 31, 177, 84, 85; refugees and, 71, 111, 118-19, 134, 179, 181
Isherwood, Julian M., 207
Israel, 24, 228, 237
Italian Beach Club (Mogadishu), 32
Italy, 62, 94, 169, 174, 179-80; colonialism in Somalia, 34, 37-39, 54, 59, 68, 81, 118, 122, 244, 247, 281; UNtroops from, 220
Jabril, Mohammed, 99-100
Jalalaqsi, Somalia, 204; refugees in, 106, 107, 109-10, 112-14
Jama, Abdullahi, 95-96, 98-99, 112
Jane’s Defense Weekly, 221n
Japan, 62, 82; AmeriCares and 1990 earthquake, 265; Food for Peace and, 195
Jess, Omar, 285
Jiis (Mohamed Sheikh), 16-20
Jigjiga, Ethiopia, 53
John (expatriate in Kenya), 260-61
Johnson, Lyndon, 197, 245
Johnson, Stephen, 264
Johnston, Philip, 209, 219, 284
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 231
Joint Task Force, Somalia and, 232-33
Juba, Somalia, 169, 170, 242, 248
Kakuma, Kenya, 20
Kampala, Uganda, 20
Kassebaum, Nancy, 208
Kennedy, John F., 3, 197
Kenya, 4, 5, 12, 87, 97, 162, 284; British colonialism in, 4, 5, 34, 248; CARE and, 182, 259, 261; Catholic Relief Services and, 7-11; expatriate hangouts in, 5, 6, 43, 257-61; famine in, 8-9, 20; Kakuma, 20; Malindi, 163; Meru, 5-7; Mombasa, 20, 258; Moyale, 10, 11; Nairobi, 3, 4, 7, 20, 26, 38, 43, 103, 120-21, 126, 163-64, 182, 185, 187, 207-8, 213, 237, 241, 246, 251, 257-61; Nanyuki, 9; nomads in, 9-10; Peace Corps and, 1-7, 39, 268; prostitution in, 38, 258, 260, 261; Red Cross and, 262-63; Soviet Union and, 36; Turkana, 8-9; UNand, 122, 185, 259; UNDP and, 185; UNHCR and, 122; USAID and, 7, 8; VSO in, 261; water in, 9-10
Kenya Airways, 26
Kenyatta, Jomo, 4
Kevin (expatriate in Kenya), 258-61
Khartoum, 4
Khartoum, Sudan, 49
Khat. See Qat
Khomeni, Ruhollah, 192
Khrushchev, Nikita, 196
Kigali, Rwanda, 239, 267
Kipling, Rudyard, 262
Kismaayo, Somalia, 17, 162, 169, 244, 285
Kissinger, Henry, 36
Koppel, Ted, 212
Korahey, Ethiopia, 108-9
Kosovo, 276-77
KPMG Peat Marwick, 146-47
Kraus, Hansi, 229
K-7 American compound (Mogadishu), 37-39, 58, 97, 187; evacuation of, 188
Kundera, Milan, 79
Kurtz, Daniel L., 146
Labatan Jirow prison, 82
Lake, Anthony, 279
Lakwena, Alice, 182
“Land Cruiser” (Warsame), 186
Land Cruisers, 3, 7, 9, 15, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 32, 39, 51, 55, 59, 61, 94, 98, 126, 186, 257; features of, 8; stealing/looting of, 17, 19-20, 26, 89, 90; as technicals, 128, 128n, 243
Land Rovers, 5, 6
Larry King Live, 100
Leahy, Patrick, 189
Lewis, I. M., 126
Lewis, Marko, 155
Liberia, 11; ECOMOG and, 274-75, 274n; Monrovia, 279; UNand, 221; U.S. Department of State and, 174
Lido Club (Mogadishu), 38
Lieberman, Joseph I., 76-77
Limbaugh, Rush, 273
Lives Lost, Lives Saved: Excess Mortality and the Impact of Health Interventions in the Somalia Emergency (Refugee Policy Group), 214
Long, Carolyn, 46
Los Angeles Times, 200, 204, 218, 218n
Lukaszewski, James 160
Luneberg, Robert J., 101-2
Macauley, Bob, 265n
MacCormack, Charles, 136, 144-46, 148, 158, 160-61; interview with, 141-44, 155-56
Macedonia, 276-77
Macharia, Anthony, 229
Maina, Hos, 229
Majeerteen clan, 100, 100n, 117, 243; refugees and, 99, 118
Major Barbara (Shaw), 270
Mahkand Field Force, The (Churchill), 42
Malaysia, UN troops from, 237, 249
Malindi, Kenya, 163
Mallinson, Allan, 221n
Marco (UNHDR employee), 121-23
Marehan clan, 100n
Maritime Security and Competitiveness Act of 1993, Penny-Grandy amendment to, 189-92
Marks, John, 71-75
Marshall Plan, 192
Mataan, Safia Ali, 119
Matsui, 191
Matthews, Jack, 7
McCain, John, 217
McCleary, Paul, 144, 161
McCoy, Steve, 191
McDavitt, Tim, 233
McGovern, George S., 197
McGreal, Chris, 265-67
Medical Volunteers International, Somalia and, 94
Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) (Doctors Without Borders), Somalia and, 94, 280
Medina neighborhood (Mogadishu), 32, 177
Meier, Megan, 271
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 133, 179n, 282
Merka, Somalia, 42, 67, 254
Meru, Kenya, 5-7
Meru Sports Club (Meru, Kenya), 6
Michaud, Jerry, 158
Miller, Shelby, 143-45, 150, 151, 157-60
Mitchell (WFP rep. in Mogadishu), 203
Mitsubishi, 191
Mobuto Sese Seko, 265n
Mogadishu, Somalia, 19, 20, 26, 40, 42-44, 51-52, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67, 70, 72-74, 77, 80, 88, 90-91, 101, 104, 110, 117, 118, 124-25, 132-33, 136, 162-64, 166-67, 169, 173, 184, 185, 242, 243; Al Uruba Hotel, 30, 38; Anglo-American Beach Club, 32, 84-87, 91; Authorized Weapons Storage Sites in, 220, 222-24, 224n, 285; Croce del Sud, Hotel, 38; expatriate hangouts in, 32, 37-39, 81, 84-87, 91; Hamar Weyne neighborhood, 31 ; International Golf and Tennis Club, 81; Italian Beach Club, 32; K-7 American compound, 37-39, 58, 97, 187; Lido Club, 38; Medina neighborhood, 32, 177; Olympic Hotel, 231; orphans in, 95; port of, and refugees, 93-94; Radio Mogadishu, 71, 224-27, 224n, 226n, 254, 286; refugees in, 106-8; Sahafi Hotel, 203-4, 213, 237; UN Beach Club, 32, 84; United Somali Congress capture of, 17, 187n, 283; U.S. Army in, 216-17, 229, 233-37; U.S. Embassy, 30-31, 37-39, 58, 81, 89, 186, 188, 240; U.S. helicopter crashes in, 231, 286; U.S. Marines in, 30, 37, 85, 212, 217, 235, 255; war in, 30, 37, 82, 85, 94, 106, 113-15, 166, 176-81, 183, 186, 187, 187n, 212, 217, 220, 222-37, 223n, 224n, 226n, 229n, 239, 244, 248-56, 283-86; Wardigley neighborhood, 32
Mogadishu, University of, 81
Mohamed, Abdi, 72
Mohamed, Aden Farah, 109-10, 112-13, 115
Mohamed, Ali Mahdi, 220, 237, 251-54, 283, 284
Mohamed, Hussein, 287
Mohamed, Mohamed Abdi, 184-85
Molloy, Edward J., 146-47
Mombasa, Kenya, 20, 258
Money, 140, 141
Monrovia, Liberia, 279
Montgomery, Thomas, 220n, 229, 235
Mooryaan (Somali street kids/security guards), 16-19, 23, 101; Aydiid and, 164
“Morgan,” Mohamed Said Hersi, 118, 211,242, 285
Morris Catering, 241
Moyale, Kenya, 10, 11
Mozambique, 123, 263-64; famine in, 205, 267
Muusse Boqor, 100
Nairobi, Kenya, 3, 7, 26, 38, 43, 103-5, 120-21, 126, 163-64, 182, 185, 187, 207-8, 213, 241, 246, 251; Buffalo Bill’s, 257-61; expatriate hangouts in, 257-61; Intercontinental Hotel, 237; Norfolk Hotel, 4; Serena Hotel, 20, 237
Nanyuki, Kenya, 9
National Charities Information Bureau (NCIB), 138n, 268-69
National Press Club, 233
National Public Radio, 27
National Refugee Commission (NRC), Somali, 63, 65, 98-99, 102, 119, 120, 124-25, 131-32, 163, 165, 175, 282; importance of, 95-96; number of refugees and, 126-27
National Review, 217
National Security Council, 227-28
National Security Service (NSS), Somali, 36, 58, 96, 99, 125, 126
NATO, 228; Bosnia and, 278-79; Clinton and, 279; future of, 278-79; UN and, 275, 278-79
NBC, 76
New Delhi, India, 21
Newsday, 206
Newsweek, 30
New York Times, 27, 163, 204, 208, 210
NGOs (non-governmental organizations), 15-18, 20, 56, 80, 94, 98, 106, 107, 111 114, 136-37, 166, 175-77, 190, 197 200. See also individual organizations. Africans as starving, exploiting the image of, 96-97; early days of, 32-33, 201; expatriates’ contempt for, 260-61; future of, 278, 279; growth of, 263-64 267-68; how contributions are wasted, 23-24, 268; “Peacekeeping” trade shows, 270-77; reasons for so many in Somalia, 94-95, 135; what is needed to reform, 269
Nigeria, 11, 287; UN troops from, 249
Nike, 267
Nixon, Richard, 198, 275
Nkrumah, Kwame, 4
Nomads, 33; dependency and, 21-22, 54, 56; in Ethiopia, 94, 132; in Kenya, 9-10; prejudice against, 54, 56; resettlement attempts, 9-10, 53-56; in Somalia, 14, 21-22, 53-57, 64, 95, 109
Non-governmental organizations. See NGOs
Norfolk Hotel (Nairobi), 4
Noriega, Manuel, 227
North American Export Grain Association, 191
Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 239
Nur, Abdi Aden, 175
Nyinawumwami, Christine, 266
Oakley, Robert, 220, 230, 234, 253-54, 286
Office of Food for Peace, 197
Ogaadeen clan, 55, 68, 100, 100n, 179n, 184; refugees and, 53-54, 71, 99, 106, 109-15, 117-18, 131, 133, 134, 181; Somali Patriotic Movement and, 183
Ogaden war, 122. See also Refugees, details of, 33-36, 108-9, 282-83
Oliphant, Patrick Bruce, 213
Olympic Hotel (Mogadishu), 231
Omar Mahamoud clan, 243
On Violence (Arendt), 178
Operation Blessing, Zaire and, 265-66
Operation Eastern Exit, 188
Operation Provide Relief, 209
Operation Restore Hope, 27, 208-9, 235, 236, 239, 253-54
Oromo Liberation Front, 133
Orphans, in Somalia, 14, 119; clans and, 95
Ortiz, José, 45-46, 48-51
Osman, Abdillahi Sayeed, 132
Osman, Ahmed Sheikh, 106-7, 175-77
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 20
Oxfam, Somalia and, 94, 98 126, 242
Pakistan, 123; UN troops from, 214, 220, 222, 224-25, 231, 233, 237, 249, 255, 284, 285
Panama, 227
Parker, John, 264
Peace Corps: Cassidy and, 29, 39, 40, 44, 45; changes from 1970s to 1980s, 48; Kenya and, 1-7, 39, 268; Somalia and, 71 ; why people join, 2-4
“Peacekeeping” trade shows, 270-77
Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 25
Penny, Tim, 189
Penny-Grandy amendment, 189-92
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier, 132
Perlez, Jane, 163, 210
Personal Record, A (Conrad), 58
Philadelphia Inquirer, 103-5
Pig and Whistle Hotel (Meru, Kenya), 6
Plan International, 139
PL-480. See Food for Peace
PLO, 237
Pohalski, Olga, 234-36
Portugal, Somalia and, 39
Poweli, Colin, 220n, 221, 231, 251
President’s Council on Sustainable Development, 47-48
Private voluntary agencies. See NGOs
Prostitution: in Kenya, 38, 258, 260, 161; in Somalia, 38
Provide Relief, Somalia and, 284
Prunier, Gérard, 263
Qat, 17, 19, 31, 58-59, 95, 97, 98, 245
“Qeybdiid,” Abdi Hassan Awale, 223-24, 229, 242n
Qorioley, Somalia, 42, 86; Cassidy family’s living conditions in, 60, 67, 75-76, 83-84; irrigation project, 44, 55-57, 59-67, 69-74, 77-78, 80-81, 83, 137, 168; refugees in, 44, 53-57, 62-67, 73, 75, 109-10, 112-13
Quick Reaction Force (QRF), Somalia and, 220, 220n, 229, 285; Aydiid, pursuit of, 222, 286
Quindlen, Anna, 204, 208
Radio Mogadishu, 71, 224-27, 224n, 226n, 254, 286
Raghe, Abdirahman Osman, 164-69, 174, 175, 177, 184
Rahanwiin clan, 54, 69, 169
Rapid Deployment Force, 36
Rather, Dan, 212
Rausch, Steven, 232-33
Rawson, David, 173-75
Raymond’s Blankets, 263
Reagan, Ronald, 228; Somalia and, 14, 36
Red Cross, 271; CARE and, 264; Haiti and, 199; International Committee of the, 218; Kenya and, 262-63; Rwanda and, 262-63; Uganda and, 182
Red Cross, Somalia and, 15, 18, 53, 54, 103, 116, 272; budget, 218; famine-death estimates, 209-10; workers killed, 19, 185-86
Refugee Policy Group (RPG), 214
Refugees, Somalia and, 86, 263; in Bardera, 97, 211; Barre and, 36-37, 63,71, 99, 104-5, 111, 112, 114, 116-17,130-32, 134, 163, 164, 167, 180-81, 261; in Beledweyne, 93-94, 96, 98, 99, 102, 106, 109, 127, 128, 279-80; Berbera’s port and, 40, 41; Bryden’s story, 182-88, 243-44; Daarood clan and, 99, 162-66, 181; Durable Solutions to the problem, 131-32, 183; in Hargeysa, 40, 65, 118-19, 179, 283; Hawaadle clan and, 99, 114; Hawiye (Habar Gidir) clan and, 99, 106, 111, 112, 163; in Hiran, 102; Ilhan’s story, 52-57; Isaaq clan and, 71, 111, 118-19, 134, 179, 181;in Jalalaqsi, 106, 107, 109-10, 112-14; in Kismaayo, 162; in Korahey, 108-9; Majeerteen clan and, 99, 118; in Mogadishu, 106-8; Mogadishu’s port and, 93-94; National Refugee Commission and, 63, 65, 95-96, 98, 99, 119, 120, 124-27, 131-32, 163, 165, 175, 282; number of, 12, 33, 36, 51, 97, 116, 125-29; Ogaadeen clan and, 53-54, 71, 99, 106, 109-15, 117-18, 131, 133, 134, 181; in Qorioley, 44, 53-57, 62-67, 73, 75, 109-10, 112-13; Raghe’s story, 164-69; Shirdon’s story, 162-66; in Sigalow, 102; UNHCR and, 15, 17, 19-21, 26, 33, 51, 55, 62-65, 84, 88-90, 93, 94, 103, 105, 117, 120-35, 180-83, 203; Westen Somalia Liberation Front and, 94, 97-99, 101, 102, 118
Resource Management and Research, 125-29
Reuter, Richard, 194, 197
Reuters, 210, 213, 229, 286
Rich, Marc, 192
Richardson, Elliot, 275-77
Richburg, Keith, 208, 209, 230
Richo Grain Limited, 191-92
Rick (CARE rep. in Kenya), 261
Rio conference on the environment (1992), 47
Roberts, Pat, 190
Robertson, Pat, 265-66, 265n
Roger (friend of Chris Cassidy), 29
Rose, Charles G. III, 191-92
Rose, Michael, 222
Rosenblum, Mort, 209
Rosin, David, 265
Russia, 96, 102, 188; AmeriCares and, 265
Ruttan, Vernon, 201
Rwanda, 11, 140-41, 240; Americans for African Adoptions International and, 267; CARE and, 182, 264; Kigali, 239, 267; Red Cross and, 262-63; UN and, 221, 261-62, 265-67, 266n, 273; war in, 239, 258-69, 263n, 266n, 272, 273, 279
Sadik, Nans, 47
Sahafi Hotel (Mogadishu), 203-4, 213, 237
Sahnoun, Mohamed, 209, 214-15, 284
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 207
Salvation Army, Somalia and, 31
Samal, 252
Samatar, Mohamed Ali, 132
Saudi Arabia, 36, 71
Save the Children (SCF), 264, 271; advertisements for, 3, 22-23, 49-50, 66, 76-77, 137-38, 140, 142, 148, 157-59, 212; Appalachian programs, 139, 147, 152; Bausch as president of, 138, 138n, 159; Bolivia and, 153-55; Cameroon and, 153; Cassidy and, 25-26, 42-46, 48-52, 59-81, 83, 86, 137, 138, 161; Ethiopia and, 51, 52; Eyes on the Future program, 156; financial records, 52, 60, 70, 80; Ford Foundation and, 143; Guyer as president of, 76-77, 138; headquarters described, 139; investigations of, 73-74, 76-77, 136, 143-48, 153-55, 158-60; legal problems, 50, 76, 146, 148, 159; MacCormack as president of, 136, 138-46, 148, 155-56, 158, 160-61; Qorioley irrigation project, 44, 55-57, 59-67, 69-74, 77-78, 80-81, 83, 137, 168; Somalia and, 25-26, 42-46, 48-49, 51-52, 56-57, 59-81, 83, 86, 93, 94, 106, 112-13, 136-38, 168; Southwestern U.S. programs, 148-53, 156-57; sponsorship, details of, 139-60; Sudan and, 46, 49, 157-58; UNHCR and, 62-64; USAID and, 62-65, 136; where the money goes, 140-60, 269; Zaire and, 267
Scoop (Waugh), 260-61
Sen, Amartya, 21
Senegal, peanuts from, 193
Serena Hotel (Nairobi), 20, 237
Shaka, 236
Shalambod, Somalia, 59
Shaw, George Bernard, 270
Sheikh, Mohamed. See Jiis
Shermaarke, Abdirashiid AU, 246, 281
Shirdon, Yusuf Abdi, 162-66, 175
Shughart, Randall, 216
Sigalow, Somalia, 102
Soldier of Fortune, 271
Somalfruit, 169
Somalia, 11, 140-41, 197, 258, 271.See also Barre, Mohamed Siyaad; Refugees, Somalia and; Somali clans. Action for Children and, 166; Afgooye, 59, 88, 177; AfriAction and, 166, 177; Baidoa, 13-18, 204, 209-10, 212, 214, 283; Balad, 80; Bardera, 19, 97, 209-11, 284; Beledweyne, 17, 19-21, 72, 93, 94, 96, 98-102 106, 109, 113, 114, 127, 128, 179, 240, 244, 277-80; Berbera, 36, 40, 41, 179, 181, 184-86, 243, 282; Louis Berger, Inc., and, 51; Boosaaso, 99-100, 243-44; Boroma, 247; Boutros -Ghali and, 207, 209, 215, 219, 228, 242, 247-48; Brava, 72; British colonialism in, 34, 68, 69, 81, 118, 122, 244, 246-48, 281; Burao, 178-79, 283; Bush and, 14, 207, 208, 212, 217-20, 218n, 285; CARE and, 18, 65, 71, 98, 110, 112, 115, 116, 119-21, 124-25, 127, 128, 135, 183, 209, 219, 282, 284; Carter and, 14, 35; Cassidy’s experiences, 2-31, 37, 39-46, 48-52, 57-93, 137, 138, 161; Centers for Disease Control and, 280; Central Bank, 82; China and, 243; CIA and, 81; Clinton and, 216-17, 229, 254-55, 286; Doctors Without Borders and, 94, 280; EEC and, 51, 171; Erigavo, 45; expatriate hangouts in, 32, 37-39, 81, 84-87, 91; famine in, 2, 13-14, 21, 24, 103, 204-14, 217-18, 283, 284; FAO and, 26, 65, 84, 88-90, 93; fixers in, 43-44; Food for Peace and, 63, 97, 101, 172, 173, 202; Galkayo, 20-21, 243, 244; Gardo, 244; Garowe, 103, 244; Goodwill Industries and, 31; Galkayo, 20-21; GTZ and, 71; Hargeysa, 40, 71, 100, 118-19, 129-30, 175, 178, 179, 185, 244-46, 282-83; Hiran, 97, 102, 106; historical background, 33-36; IMF and, 175; International Rescue Committee and, 209, 242; Italian colonialism in, 34, 37-39, 54, 59, 68, 81, 118, 122, 244, 247, 281; Jalalaqsi, 106, 107, 109-10, 112-14, 204; Joint Task Force and, 232-33; Juba, 169, 170, 242, 248; Labatan Jirow prison, 82; Kismaayo, 17, 162, 169, 244, 285; “lessons learned” from, 237-38; Medical Volunteers International, Somalia and, 94; Merka, 42, 67, 254; Ministry of Agriculture, 70, 72, 73, 168-69; Ministry of Defense, 82, 181; Ministry of Education, 167; Ministry of Finance, 175-76; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 130, 167; Ministry of Health, 167; Ministry of Planning, 167; Ministry of the Interior, 164, 166, 167; Mogadishu, 17, 19, 20, 26, 30-32, 37-40, 42-44, 51-52, 56-58, 60, 66, 67, 70-74, 77, 80, 82, 84-91, 93-95, 94, 97, 101, 104, 106, 108, 110, 113-15, 117, 118, 124-25, 132-33, 136, 162-64, 166-67, 169, 173, 176-81, 183-87, 187n, 203-4, 212, 213, 216-17, 220, 222-37, 223n, 224n, 226n, 229n, 239, 240, 242-44, 248-56, 283-86; mooryaan in, 16-19, 23, 101, 164; National Refugee Commission, 63, 65, 95-96, 98-99, 102, 119, 120, 124-27, 131-32, 163, 165, 175, 282; National Security Service, 36, 58, 96, 99, 125, 126; nomads in, 14, 21-22, 53-57, 64, 95, 109; orphans in, 14, 95, 119; Oxfam and, 94, 98, 126, 242; Peace Corps and, 71; prostitution in, 38; Provide Relief and, 284; Qorioiey, 42, 44, 53-57, 59-67, 69-78, 80-81, 83-84, 86, 112-13, 137, 168; Quick Reaction Force and, 220, 220n, 222, 229, 285, 286; Reagan and, 14, 36; Red Cross and, 15, 18, 19, 53, 54, 103, 116, 185-86, 209-10, 218, 272; Salvation Army and, 31 ; Save the Children and, 25-26, 42-46, 48-49, 51-52, 56-57, 59-81, 83, 86, 93, 94, 106, 112-13, 136-38; Shalambod, 59 Sigalow, 102; Somali Children’s Aid, 166; Somali National Alliance, 224, 229, 234, 242n, 283, 287; Somali National Movement, 71, 118, 128n, 131, 133-34, 178-79, 179n, 181, 184, 247, 282-83; Somali Patriotic Movement, 183; Somali Salvation Democratic Front, 99, 103-5, 117-18, 133; Somali Society for the Protection of Children, 166; SOS Kinderdorf and, 79-80, 87; Soviet Union and, 30, 31, 33, 35-37, 39, 53, 128, 246, 248, 281, 282; Tear Fund and, 94; technicals in, 128, 128n, 243; timeline, 281-87; UN and, 15, 17-21, 26, 33, 51, 55, 62-65, 84, 88-90, 93, 94, 103, 105, 117, 120-35, 166-67, 176, 177, 180-88, 203, 207, 209, 210, 214-15, 219-33, 22On, 221n, 222n, 223n, 224n, 235, 237, 239-43, 24On, 241n, 242n, 246-53, 259, 277-79, 284-87; UNDP and, 93, 166, 183-88; UNHCR and, 62-65, 93, 94, 106-7, 120-35, 180-83; UNICEF and, 18, 93, 203, 249; UNITAF and, 215, 220, 285; United Somali Congress, 13, 17, 113, 114, 131, 187, 187n, 224, 229, 283; UNOSOM and, 214-15, 220-21, 223-31, 224n, 233, 24On, 242, 243, 246, 247, 250, 254, 284-86; USAID and, 12, 31, 37, 39-41, 62-65, 69, 72, 83, 93-102, 105, 120-21, 135n, 136, 163, 167, 168, 211; US. Army and, 216-17, 229, 233-38; U.S. Department of Defense and, 81, 229, 232-34, 241n, 254-55, 273; U.S. Department of State and, 97, 174, 179-82; USIS and, 37; U.S. Marines and, 14, 18, 27-30, 37, 82, 85, 203-4, 208-9, 212-14, 217, 218, 221, 235, 253-55, 284, 287; war in, 13-18, 21-24, 26-30, 37, 45, 82, 90-91, 94, 97, 99, 100, 103-7, 113-15, 117-18, 128, 131, 113-34, 162, 163, 166, 176-81, 179n, 183-87, 187n, 203-5, 211, 212, 214-56, 218n, 221n, 222n, 223n, 224n, 229n, 263, 272, 277-78, 281-87; water in, 21, 44, 55-57, 59-67, 69-74, 77-78, 80-81, 83, 88, 94, 168, 170; Western Somalia Liberation Front, 36, 94, 97-99, 101, 102, 118, 133, 282; WFP and, 93, 129, 130, 133-35, 167, 181, 185, 188, 203, 242, 284; WHO and, 187-88; World Bank and, 174n, 175, 211
