Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure, page 50
2 Adrian Preston (ed.), In Relief of Gordon – Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal of the Khartoum Relief Expedition – 1884–5, London, 1967, p.40.
3 John Pollock, Kitchener, London, 1998, pp.63–4.
4 Preston (ed.), Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal, p.31.
5 Philip Magnus, Kitchener – Portrait of an Imperialist, London, 1958, p.54.
6 C. G. Gordon, General Gordon’s Last Journal, London, 1885, p.201.
7 ibid., p.198.
8 ibid.
9 Joseph Ohrwalder, Ten Years Captivity in the Mahdi’s Camp 1882–1892, London, 1892, p.130.
10 Magnus, Kitchener, p.57.
11 Preston (ed.), Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal, p.31.
12 A. MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon and Khartoum: The Testimony of an Independent Eye Witness of the Heroic Efforts for their Rescue and Relief, London, 1887, p.72.
13 Ian Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums – Eyewitness Accounts of War from the Kabul Massacre to the Siege of Mafeking, London, 1999, p.210.
14 Count Albert Gleichen, With the Camel Corps on the Nile, London, 1889, p.147.
15 ibid., p.157.
16 ibid.
17 ibid., p.71.
18 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums, p.213.
19 Preston, Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal, p.101.
20 ibid., p.120.
21 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums, p.212.
22 ibid., p.213.
23 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.88.
24 ibid., p.101.
25 ibid., p.103.
26 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums, p.212.
27 MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon, p.209.
28 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.113.
29 ibid., p.118.
30 MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon.
31 ibid.
32 Charles Wilson, From Korti to Khartoum, London, 1885.
33 Gleichen, Camel Corps.
34 ibid.
35 Wilson, Korti to Khartoum, p.30.
36 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums, p.213.
37 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.132.
38 Charles Beresford, Memoirs, 2 vols., London, 1914, p.266.
39 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums.
40 Wilson, Korti to Khartoum, p.30.
41 ibid., p.31.
42 Beresford, Memoirs, p.266.
43 Julian Symonds, England’s Pride: The Story of the Gordon Relief Expedition, London, 1965, p.201.
44 J. R. Ware and R. K. Mann, The Life and Times of Colonel Fred Burnaby, London, 1885, p.304.
45 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.135.
46 ibid.
47 Beresford, Memoirs, p.304.
48 Knight (ed.), Marching to the Drums, p.214.
49 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.145.
50 MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon, p.206.
51 Beresford, Memoirs, p.276.
52 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.156.
53 Beresford, Memoirs, p.276.
54 Wilson, Korti to Khartoum, p.71.
55 ibid.
56 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.138.
57 MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon, p.255.
58 Gleichen, Camel Corps, p.172.
59 MacDonald, Too Late for Gordon, p.269.
60 R. C. Slatin, Fire and Sword in the Sudan: A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes, London, 1896, p.204.
61 C. G. Gordon, Journal, p.199.
62 ibid., pp.215–16; capitals and italics are Gordon’s.
63 R. Wingate, Mahdism and the Egyptian Sudan, London, 1891, p.169.
64 ibid., p.518.
65 Nushi Pasha, ‘General Report of the Siege and Fall of Khartoum’, ed. R. Wingate, Sudan Notes and Records, XIII, Pt 1, 1930, pp.1–82.
66 ibid., p.80.
67 K. Neufeld, A Prisoner of the Khalifa – 12 Years Captivity at Omdurman, London, 1899, p.335.
68 Slatin, Fire and Sword, p.206.
69 ibid.
70 Wilson, Korti to Khartoum, p.172.
71 ibid.
72 ibid., p.174.
73 ibid., p.179.
74 ibid.
75 E. J. Montague Stuart-Wortley, ‘Reminiscences of the Sudan 1882–1899’, Sudan Notes and Records, XXXIV, 1953, pp.17, 44.
76 Preston (ed.), Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal, p.129.
77 ibid., p.165.
78 Charles Watson, The Life of Major General Sir Charles Wilson, London, 1909, pp.345–6.
79 ibid., p.347.
80 Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols., London, 1909, p.215.
81 ibid., p.33.
82 Preston (ed.), Lord Wolseley’s Campaign Journal, p.138.
83 Halik Kochanksi, Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero, London, 1999, p.351.
Part Six
1 Philip Magnus, Kitchener – Portrait of an Imperialist, London, 1958, p.369.
2 ibid., p.370.
3 Julian Symonds, England’s Pride: The Story of the Gordon Relief Expedition, London, 1965, p.201. Symonds takes this to mean Charles Wilson. However, Wolseley clearly refers to regimental officers, whereas Wilson was a staff officer: his position was Adjutant General of Intelligence, i.e. a staff post.
4 Winston S. Churchill, The River War, London, 1899, Vol. 1, p.411.
5 E. F. Knight, Letters from the Sudan, London, 1896, p.135.
6 R. C. Slatin, Fire and Sword in the Sudan: A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes, London, 1896, p.401.
7 Knight, Letters, p.160.
8 A. Hunter, Kitchener’s Sword Arm – The Life and Campaigns of General Sir Archie Hunter, London, 1996, p.43.
9 Churchill, The River War, p.118.
10 Knight, Letters, p.123.
Part Seven
1 Winston S. Churchill, The River War, London, 1899, pp.294–5.
2 ‘An Officer’, Sudan Campaign 1896–1899, London, 1899, p.105.
3 ibid., p.109.
4 ibid., p.110.
5 Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols., London, 1909, p.296.
6 ibid.
7 John Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries 1898– Eyewitness Accounts of the Legendary Campaign, London, 1998, p.83.
8 ibid., p.89.
9 ibid., p.90.
10 ibid., p.30.
11 ibid.
12 ‘An Officer’, Sudan Campaign, p.157.
13 ibid., p.90.
14 ibid.
15 M. Barthorp, War on the Nile: Britain in Egypt and the Sudan 1882–1898, Poole, 1984, p.148.
16 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.60.
17 ibid., p.91.
18 Frank Emery, Marching over Africa: Letters from Victorian Soldiers, London, 1986, p.164.
19 E. N. Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, London, 1998, p.60.
20 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.91.
21 ibid., pp.92–3.
22 Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, p.61.
23 ibid., p.60.
24 Emery, Marching over Africa, p.164.
25 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.91.
26 Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, p.60.
27 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries.
28 Emery, Marching over Africa, p.164.
29 Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, p.60.
30 Churchill, The River War, p.437.
31 John Pollock, Kitchener, London, 1998, p.123.
32 ibid., p.120.
33 Isat Zulfu, Kerrari – the Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman, trans. P. Clark, London, 1973, p.115.
34 Norman Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence, London, 1976, p.100.
35 Churchill, The River War, p.63.
36 Emery, Marching over Africa, p.168.
37 Churchill, The River War, p.102.
38 Zulfu, Kerrari, p.153.
39 T. Brighton and D. N. Anderson, The Last Charge – The 21st Lancers and the Battle of Omdurman, 2 September 1898, London, 1998, p.60.
40 Churchill, The River War, p.109.
41 Winston S. Churchill, My Early Life, London, 1930, p.181.
42 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.61.
43 Churchill, The River War, p.115.
44 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.183.
45 ibid., p.185.
46 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.63.
47 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.186.
48 Spiers (ed.), Sudan: The Reconquest Reappraised, p.70.
49 Meredith (ed.), Omdurman Diaries, p.170.
50 ibid.
51 ibid., p.187.
52 ibid.
53 Churchill, My Early Life, p.187.
54 ibid., p.188.
55 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.79.
56 Churchill, My Early Life, p.189.
57 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.91.
58 Churchill, My Early Life, pp.189–90.
59 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.91.
60 ibid., p.87.
61 Churchill, The River War, p.136.
62 Peter Harrington and Frederic A. Sharf (eds.), Omdurman 1898: Eyewitnesses Speak, London, 1998, p.128.
63 Brighton and Anderson, The Last Charge, p.92.
64 Pollock, Kitchener, p.138.
65 ibid.
66 ibid.
67 Zulfu, Kerrari, p.222.
68 Pollock, Kitchener, p.141.
69 ibid.
Index
Ranks and titles given are generally the highest mentioned in the text.
Aba 55–6, 58, 59, 60, 62
‘Ababda camel-men 103, 128, 138
‘Ababda Frontier Force: Kitchener’s scouts 171, 173, 197, 200; covering the advance into Sudan 303, 306, 322, 324, 331, 333, 337
‘Abadiyya 365
Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive 285
Abbas (river steamer) 161, 175, 176, 177, 181, 333
Abbassiyya barracks 11
‘Abd al-Azim Bey Hussain 331, 333, 337–8
‘Abd al-Hamid Bey 250, 273
‘Abd al-Karim, Mohammad, Mahdi’s uncle 257, 296
‘Abd al-Qadir Pasha 85, 86
‘Abd ash-Shukkur, Sultan of Darfur 68, 98, 102–3
Abdal Kamid II, Sultan of Turkey 15
‘Abdallah Adlan, Yuzbashi 261
‘Abdallah Bey (Kitchener’s disguise) 21
‘Abdallah, Mohammad Ahmad’s father 54
‘Abdallah wad Sa’ad, Sheikh 295, 328, 329
‘Abdallahi wad Torshayn: birth 47; becomes a feki 48; captured by Zubayr 49, 99; hears of Mohammad Ahmad 50; pledges loyalty to Mohammad Ahmad 52; acclaims him as Mahdi 53; becomes Mahdi’s disciple 56, 59, 61; promotes alliances 63; mock execution of Catholic mission 140; appointed Mahdi’s successor 141; commander of the army 141, 166; commands Black Standard 141; raids Stambouli’s house 141; tries to stop mourning 252; joins attack on Khartoum 260; rules Sudan 284; uses Slatin as consultant 292; power as ruler 294–5; continues jihad 296–7; musters the Baggara 320; cultural perspective 327–8; evicts Ja’aliyyin from Metemma 328; inability to appreciate changes 328; tries to advise Mahmud Ahmad 340–41; holds great parade 343; unable to deploy army 343, 362; evacuates Khartoum 361; reviews troops 361; holds council meeting 362–3; snubs Mohammad Sharif 362; chooses to fight at Kerrari 363–4; witnesses destruction of Mahdi’s tomb 373; fears loss of control at night 374; confidence in victory 377; sees vision 377; cannot decide 394–5; staggered by loss 401–2; defeat and death 405–6
Abu Anja 166, 297, 364
Abu Fatma 314
Abu Hamed: caravan terminus 103, 128, 129, 138; to be taken by steamers 169, 174, 177, 186; advance on 282, 330, 331; Battle of 333–7; railway arrives 340
Abu Jirja’ 139, 142, 166
Abu Klea see Abu Tleiha
Abu Klea (river steamer) 314, 316, 318
Abu Kru 245
Abu Kru, Battle of 242–3
Abu Sa’ud, Mohammad Bey, deputy governor 59, 60, 61, 74
Abu Tleiha (Abu Klea) 183, 192, 202, 207–9; Battle of 214–29, 337, 364; after the battle 229–31
Abyssinia 6
Abyssinians 297
Adan, Gunner Jimmy 119
Adarama 338, 340, 359
Adowa, Battle of 298
Ahmad Fadil 405
Ahmad Kamal, Colonel 37
Ahmad Sulayman 296
Aitken, Major 150–51
Akasha 299, 300, 301, 306, 313
Akasha (river steamer) 315, 316
al-’Ijayja 361, 368, 372, 375, 379, 381, 385
al-Khalil, Ibrahim, ‘Abdallahi’s cousin 362, 374, 376, 395
al-khartum (Elephant’s Trunk) 4
al-Khayr, Mohammad 178, 181, 182, 202, 296
al-Majdi, Hassan 134
al-Mirghani family 33
al-Qaeda 407
al-Qurayshi, Sheikh 56
‘Ala ad-Din Pasha xxiv
Alexandria: bombardment (1882) 4, 20
‘Ali al-Bishtili 179, 182
‘Ali Effendi, artillery captain 60–61
‘Ali Galla, Sheikh XX
‘Ali Karrar 47, 48
‘Ali Lulah 198, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235
‘Ali Sa’ad Farah 202
‘Ali wad Helu, Khalifa 141, 202, 376, 395, 409
Almack, Lieutenant Walter, RN 152
‘Amarar tribe 28, 29, 33
Ansar, religious disciples 57, 63, 141, 166, 395
Aqqad & Co., slavers 59, 62
ar-Rais Mohammad ad-Dongolawi 177, 179, 180, 181–2
‘Arabi Pasha, Colonel Ahmad: defeated rebel xxi; nationalist leader xxii; seizes Alexandria 3–4; defeat at Tel el-Kebir 4; defences of Alexandria 20
Artagasha Island 315, 316, 317
as-Sayyid Bey Jum’a 66
Aser, American Consul 262
Ashanti Ring 93, 94, 108, 168, 170, 185, 283
Ashraf (Mahdi’s family) 294, 296, 361
Aswan 103, 300, 302
Asyut 103
at-Tahir Majzub, Sufi sheikh 32–3
at-Tahira (river steamer) 315, 317
‘Atbara river 340, 341, 342, 345, 346, 359, 364
Athlumney, Captain Lord 285
‘Atman Fakri 180
Austrian Catholic missionaries xxvii, 140–41, 262
‘Ayyoub Pasha, governor of Sudan 50, 74
Babikr Koko 266
Badr, Battle of 62
Baggara: nomads 44–7, 63–4, 141, 202, 294–5, 340; cavalry 165, 213, 216, 303–4, 310, 318–19, 346, 401; troops 220–25, 295, 300, 329, 330–31, 359; cavalry at Omdurman 378, 383–4, 398
Bahr al-’Arab river 46
Bahr al-Ghazal Province xxviii, 3, 50
Bahr al-Ghazal river 44, 46, 49
Baillie, Captain 356
Baker, Lieut. General Valentine: commands gendarmerie 12; history 15; ordered to Suakin 16; lands at Suakin 22; inspects Massawa 24; orders revoked 25; decides to relieve Tokar 26–7; orders earthworks at Trinkitat 34; advances to et-Teb 35–7; near misses 38–9; tries to rally the cavalry 39; attempts to rally troops 40; force casualties 40; evacuates Trinkitat 41; reactions to his defeat 104–5; appointed Intelligence Officer 108; directs advance on et- Teb 115; wounded 117, 120; barred by Hartington 171
Baker, Sir Samuel 3, 15, 17, 58
Baker’s Zariba 146
Ballard, Lieutenant 152
Baring, Sir Evelyn, HM Agent: opposes Hicks expedition xxiii; deposes Isma’il Pasha 3; seeks news of Hicks 9; hears of massacre 11; advises abandoning Sudan 13, 75; character 13; reservations about Baker 16; replaces Egyptian government 25; revokes Baker’s orders 25; funds carrier contract 31; reaction to Baker’s news 41–2; reassures Baker 42; conflict with Gordon 75–6; refuses Gordon 82, 85; asks for British officer 86; regrets accepting Gordon 87; blamed for changing mission 97, 98; refuses to employ Zubayr 101–2; opposes sending troops 104; disapproves Graham ‘s landing 106; not impressed by et- Teb 126; comments on Graham’s actions 159, see also Cromer, Lord
Barrow, Lieut. Colonel Percy 123, 124, 198, 207, 229, 235, 250
Bashi-Bazuks xx, 2, 136, 159, 271, 272; fleeing 22, 27; Mudir of Dongola’s 173, 174, 182; Kitchener’s 287
Bashir Bey 303
Bayuda desert 168, 173, 183, 186, 192, 196, 319, 338
Beatty, Lieutenant David, RN 318, 337, 348, 355, 409
Beja tribes: military successes 14; origin and culture 28–30; attack Baker’s force 35–8; asked to confer 110; entrenched at et-Teb 114; attack Graham’s square 118 –19; tactics 126; harass Graham’s force 145; attack at Tamaai 148; retreat to the hills 157, 158; at Handub raid 287; breed Bishari camels 291; join Baggara at Metemma 340; take no part in zariba battle 359
Bela Ahmad Siraj xxv
Bellefonds, Linant de 74
Benbow, Chief Engineer Henry 274
Benson, Major G. E., RA 359
Berber 131, 167, 174, 178, 182, 186, 337–8
Berber Province 7, 17
Beresford, Captain Lord Charles, RN: commands Naval Brigade 186, 193, 204, 213, 241; runs out Gardner 220–21, 224, 226–7, 228, 239–40; incapacitated by boil 247, 249, 251; commands Safia 273, 274, 275, 280; later career 412
Bewley, Mr, chief of transport 41
Biddulph, Major General Sir Robert 20
bilad as-Sudan (Land of the Blacks) 1
Binning, Lieutenant Lord 227
Birtwhistle, Private John 122
Bishari camels 291
Bishariab clan 33
Bishariyyin tribe 30
Blue Nile: course 4–5; in Khartoum 6–7
Blunt, Wilfred Scawen 26, 96, 110, 163, 229
Bordain (river steamer) 9, 10, 244, 245, 250, 252, 267–72 passim, 274, 276
Bordeini Bey 254, 257, 258, 259, 263
Boscawen, Colonel the Hon. Edward 186, 238, 240, 242, 243, 272, 273
Bosphore Egyptien 176
Bowman-Manifold, Lieutenant M. G. E., RE 302–3, 332, 355
Brackenbury, Major General Henry 170, 282
Brentwood, Captain 304
Briggs, Surgeon 223
British army: Brigades; 1st Infantry in Graham’s force 109, 147, 155, 157; Cavalry 109; 2nd Infantry in Graham’s force 146, 147, 154, 155; 1st Infantry in Kitchener’s force 380, 381, 385, 397; 2nd Infantry in Kitchener’s force 380, 381, 385
10th Hussars 15, 108, 114, 115, 117, 123, 288; 13th Light Dragoons 18; Royal Horse Guards 25; 17th Lancers 77
19th Hussars; at et-Teb 105, 108, 114, 123; with Desert Column 184, 186, 191, 197–8, 206, 207, 214, 229, 232, 240
21st Lancers 365, 367, 370, 371, 375, 381, 385, 386–94
Mounted Infantry 105, 108, 115, 147, 155; Royal Sussex Regiment 147
