By Hands Now Known, page 34
Maguire, Matthew, 167
Marshall, Thurgood
correspondence on cases, 58, 67, 71, 145
murder case, Floyd, George (1945), 274
murder case, Green, Edward, 117
murder case, Lockwood, William (Pim), 142
murder case, Spicely, Booker, 94–5
murder case, Williams Elbert, 250, 261
NAACP clash with local lawyers/groups, 94–5
rendition case, Mattox, Thomas, 60
resistance movement, contribution to, 189
Screws case, 172
Martin, R. W., 159
Martin, Robert C., 90, 91
Martin, Trayvon, xx, 272
Master Detective, 42, 43
Mathews, Henry, 195
Mattox, Thomas, 59–60
Maxwell, Sylvester, 230
McCannon, Solomon, 66, 67
McClanahan, William, 250
McClendon, Dr. J.J., 38
McFadden, Samuel, 183
McGehee, Dan, 39
McGrady, Erin, 258–9
McGuire, Matthew, 159
McInerney, James M., 150
McKinley, William, 8
McKinney, W. Hayes, 15, 24–5, 68
McWhorter, Hamilton, 66–7
Meltzer, Leo, 177
Michigan, 11
migration of Blacks to northern communities. See Great Migration
Minden (LA), 160
Minkins, Shadrach, 5
Mississippi, 222–3
Mitcham, James Doy, 148–9, 150, 151
Mitchell, Milmon, 162, 247, 250
mob violence, 22
Mobile (AL), xvii, 79–80
Moinet, Edward, 37
Montgomery (AL), xxii, 115
Moore, Charles, 225
Moore, Wilbert (Smith), 47
Morgan v. Virginia (1946), 115
Motley, Constance Baker, 98, 251
Murphy, Frank, 38, 39–40, 155–6, 176
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Nabers, Dr. Frank and Mrs. Braxton Bevelle, 196
Natchez (MS), 223, 224
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
campaigns to fight extradition, 26, 37, 50
efforts to record police homicides, xxiii
fight for Black rights, 80
publicity from racial justice campaigns, 7, 12–3
reluctance to intervene in cases, xi, 295n96
reluctance to intervene in rendition cases, 63, 64–5
successful judicial redress instances, 59
tensions with local groups/lawyers, 94–5
National Negro Congress, xxiii, 66
Negro Citizens Defense Committee of Birmingham, 210
Negro Transportation Survey project, 119
Nelson, Burt, 46
New Orleans (LA), 42, 49, 51, 74, 255
New York Amsterdam News, 206
Newton, Demetrius, 201
Nichols, L.B., 251
Noble, Marion Franklin, 211
Nobles, Melissa, xiv
North Carolina, 85–6, 87, 120
Noxubee County (MS), 78
organizing for Black labor rights, 14
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 28
parallels between modern policing and slavery, xx
Parker, Edward Burns
murder case, Carlisle, Baxter Willie, 151
murder case, Gunn, Walter, 132–3, 135, 158
murder case, Lockwood, William (Pim), 144
murder case, Thomas, Edgar, 139
refusal to prosecute, 139, 144, 145–6
Parker, James Leon, 33
Parks, Rosa, xii
Paterollers, 54
Patrick, Attorney William T., 1, 62, 63, 68
Patten, Charles, 154
Patterson, Thomas, 212
Pensacola Journal, 15, 21
Penton, Sheriff Moses. S, 17, 24
Perkins, Joe, 212
Philadelphia (PN), 59
Phillips, Wendell, 5
Pickens, William, 38
Pinckney, James L., 137–8
Pinkard, Otis, 99
Pittsburgh Courier, xviii, 108, 206, 210, 249
Plessy, Homer, 73
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 8, 115, 168
policing
limitations of liability on officers, xxi
and mob law, 154
officers’ ties with KKK, 103
parallels with slavery and Jim Crow, xx, 54, 265
power of local sheriffs, 154
torture of Black suspects, 159, 160
violence, Black victims, 46, 51, 53, 59, 130–1, 137–8, 142, 148, 192, 194–5
violence, white victims, 184
positive law and rendition, 56
Powell, Daisy, 49, 53
President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 145
Preus, Jacob, 58
protests against racial violence, xvii–xviii, xx, 51, 190, 193, 196, 205–6
Puffer, William M., 32, 33
Quiney, William, 241, 244
racial violence
against Black soldiers, 74, 82, 85, 91, 105, 109, 115
against Black women on buses, 120
history of, xiv
interpretation of Thirteenth Amendment, 171
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) crimes, 128, 225
massacres/carnage, xviii, 168–9, 241
obstacles to effective prosecution, 163–4
police brutality, xx, 45–7, 53, 130–1, 137–8, 142, 148, 158, 174–5, 180, 182, 194–5, 265
protests against, xvii, xx, 94, 205–6
resistance to, xvi–xvii
role of federalism in perpetuating, 154
Rawls, William (Bill), Jr., 246
Ray, Tom, 15, 24, 58
Rayburn, Sam, xi–xii
Raymon, Harry, 143
Reco, Charles, 115
reconciliation. See redress of historical injustices
Red Record, The (Wells-Barnett), 214
redress of historical injustices, 242–4, 262, 265
Redwine, Allene, 233
Reeves, Clifford, 106
rendition
campaigns to fight extradition, 57, 58–9, 59
Fugitive Slave Cause, 56
post-Civil War, 57
protests against, 4–6, 59
reforms to Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 57
roots of, 3
before US Constitution adoption, 55–6
See also extradition attempts
reparation
components of, 264, 272
concept of debt as grounds for, 266
description of, 263
for injustices of Jim Crow, 271
Japanese internment payments, 270
material remedy, 269–70, 272
official apologies, path to reparative justice, 268–9, 317n269
problem of time, 264
psychology of repair, 265–6
rationale for, 263, 272
steps toward, 267–9
See also redress of historical injustices
resistance
boycotts, 195
as a cultural phenomenon, 191
personal liberty law, Michigan, 12
precursor to Black Lives Matter movement, 191
against racial violence, xvii, xxiii–xxiv, 189
against rendition, 10, 13, 25, 28, 56–7, 68
against segregated transportation, 74, 118–21
strikes, 205–6
restorative justice. See redress of historical injustices
riots, 11. See also protests against racial violence; resistance
Robb, Spencer H., 150, 151
Roberts, Owen, 167, 176
Robinson, Aubrey E., 112
Robinson, Jackie, 111
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 117, 134
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38, 118
Rose, Giles, 12
Rotnem, Victor, 251
Roundtree, James Leonard, 180
Rouse, Vida, 204, 208
Rowe, James, 162
Ruby, Jack Leon, 28
Ruffin, Thomas, 222, 236
Rutledge, Wiley, 176
Samuels, Theodore Wesley, 116, 118
Sands, Robert, 212
Scottsboro trials, 64
Screws, Claude, 172–5, 173–5
Screws v. United States (1945), xxiii, 145, 167
To Secure These Rights (Report), 163
segregated housing, 80, 102, 203
segregated transportation
Black soldiers, defiance of, 74, 81, 90
Black women, defiance of, 119–20
boycotts, 74, 83, 120
color boards, 103–4
desegregation order by government, 94
empowerment of drivers, 76–7
enforcement problem, 76–7, 81
and interstate carriers, 114–5
laws on, 114–5
policing of racialized spaces, 74, 82
segregation in army camps, 80–1
segregation of cemeteries, 79
segregation of schools, 78–9
Segrest, Florida, 134
Shaw, Atmas, 211
Shaw, Leander, 22
Sherwood, Walter, 257–8
Sherwood, Walter Curry, 259
Shreveport Times, 53
Shuttlesworth, Fred, xii
Skillman, William McKay, 50
slave catchers, 54
slavery
emancipation in free colonies, 56
escape from, 10–1
flogging during, 225
parallels with modern policing, xx
Sleeper, Governer Albert, 24
Smith, Turner L., 142
Smith, Wilbert (Moore), 47–54, 55
Smith, Wilmer. See Smith, Wilbert (Moore)
South, Quintar, 158
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (Wells-Barnett), 214
Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), xxiii, 138–9, 200–1
Southwest Mississippi, 222–3
Sparks, Chauncey, 81, 85
Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 87
Spicely, Booker, 89–91, 118
Spicely, Robert, 92, 95, 97–8
Spicely, Ruth Ida, 93
Stanley, Eugene, 51
Starr, Amos, 146
statutes to combat lynching, 128, 156
Stevenson, Adlai, 61
Stimson, Henry, 114, 118
streetcar boycotts, 74
Stuckey, Henry, 31, 33
Sutherland, W. F., 158–9
Sweet, Ossian and Gladys, 38
Talmadge, Eugene, xi
Tart, Eugene, 19–29, 26
Taylor, Gardner C., 51
Tennessee, 111, 252–3
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company (TCI), 199, 203, 205
Texas, 28, 111, 115, 233–4
Thomas, Edgar Bernard, 136
Thomas, James Davis, 212
Thomas, Paul B., 205
Thornton (fugitive slave), 11
Tomlinson, Clara Louise, 16
Tulsa Race Massacre, 58
Turner, Felton, 234
Tuskegee Civic Association, 132
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 143
Tuttle, Elbert, 135
Ubuntu, concept of social equilibrium, 272
undercover surveillance of Black communities, 92, 93
Underground Railroad, xxi–xxii, 3, 10, 56
Underwood, Emory, 159
union organizing, 203–4
Union Springs (AL), 136
United Mine Workers, 203
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), xviii–xix, xix–xx, 159, 168, 170
US Commission on Civil Rights, 226
US Supreme Court
desegregation of interstate travel, 115
and the Extradition Clause, 57
and federalism, 153
interpretation on federal criminal authority, 167
Justice Bradley’s opinion, effects of, xix, 168
overturn of Georgia’s debt peonage system, 67
Screws v. United States (1945), 167, 175, 182
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), xviii–xix, xix–xx, 159, 168, 170
Vaden, Thomas, 82
Van Pelt, Sheriff James, 22
Vanderford, J. A., 200, 201, 205
Veterans Administration Hospital, 140
Waite, Morrison, 170
Waldron, Jeremy, 265
Walker, Buster, 246
War Department, 114, 115, 116, 125
Ward, Eugene, 211
Warren, Earl, 58–9
Washington, Booker T., 19, 21, 22, 86
Washington, Caliph, 106
Washington, Letha, 43
Washington, Loyd Dewitt Talmadge, 42–3
Watson, Junior, 194
Weeks, William Ryan, 104
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., xxii, xxiii, 214
Weston, Walter, 211
Wetumpka, (AL), 17
Whatley, Leroy, 212
Whipple, William, G., 171
White, Hugh, 39
White, Mary, 120
White, Walter, xxii, 25, 27, 38, 53, 65, 249–50
white female victim narrative, 202, 206
white supremacy, 192
legal consolidation of, 8
prevalence of, xii
similarities with police views, 154
See also Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Whitecap movement, 223. See also white supremacy
Whitley, Alfred (Juicy), 227
Whittle, Hollis, Eugene, 137
Wilkins, Roy, 83
Wilkinson, Horace C., 76
Williams, Annie, 248, 249
Williams, Edwin Clifford, 255, 257, 259
Williams, Elbert, 162, 245, 247–8, 254
Williams, Henry, 78, 82, 118
Williams, James, 259–60
Williams, Lillian (Alveris), 255–9, 260–1
Williams v. Mississippi (1898), 8
Williams v. United States (1951), 184
Willie, James T., 51
Wilmington (NC), 120
Wilson, Dave, 211
Wilson, Woodrow, 31
Winborne, Stanley, 85
Winfield, Josephine (Josie), 28, 31–44, 55, 67
Wisdom, John, 135
Woods, Dock, 66
Woods, Jesse, 231–2
Woods, Otis, 66
Woodward, C. Vann, xiii
Works, Monroe, xxiii
Wright, Charles, 212
Wyatt, Lorenzo, 102, 106
Y&MV Railroad, 48
Yazoo County (MS), 30
Zachary, Darel, 48
Zimmerman, George, 272
Frontispiece: Elizabeth Catlett, I have special reservations
Copyright © 2022 by Margaret Burnham
All rights reserved
First Edition
“History” from The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes by Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad with David Roessel, Associate Editor, copyright © 1994 by the Estate of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830
Jacket design: Jaya Miceli
Jacket photograph: Utopia_88 / Getty Images
Book design by Chris Welch
Production manager: Lauren Abbate
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
ISBN: 978-0-393-86785-5
ISBN: 978-0-393-86786-2 (ebk.)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
Margaret A. Burnham, By Hands Now Known
Thank you for reading books on Archive.BookFrom.Net
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Marshall, Thurgood
correspondence on cases, 58, 67, 71, 145
murder case, Floyd, George (1945), 274
murder case, Green, Edward, 117
murder case, Lockwood, William (Pim), 142
murder case, Spicely, Booker, 94–5
murder case, Williams Elbert, 250, 261
NAACP clash with local lawyers/groups, 94–5
rendition case, Mattox, Thomas, 60
resistance movement, contribution to, 189
Screws case, 172
Martin, R. W., 159
Martin, Robert C., 90, 91
Martin, Trayvon, xx, 272
Master Detective, 42, 43
Mathews, Henry, 195
Mattox, Thomas, 59–60
Maxwell, Sylvester, 230
McCannon, Solomon, 66, 67
McClanahan, William, 250
McClendon, Dr. J.J., 38
McFadden, Samuel, 183
McGehee, Dan, 39
McGrady, Erin, 258–9
McGuire, Matthew, 159
McInerney, James M., 150
McKinley, William, 8
McKinney, W. Hayes, 15, 24–5, 68
McWhorter, Hamilton, 66–7
Meltzer, Leo, 177
Michigan, 11
migration of Blacks to northern communities. See Great Migration
Minden (LA), 160
Minkins, Shadrach, 5
Mississippi, 222–3
Mitcham, James Doy, 148–9, 150, 151
Mitchell, Milmon, 162, 247, 250
mob violence, 22
Mobile (AL), xvii, 79–80
Moinet, Edward, 37
Montgomery (AL), xxii, 115
Moore, Charles, 225
Moore, Wilbert (Smith), 47
Morgan v. Virginia (1946), 115
Motley, Constance Baker, 98, 251
Murphy, Frank, 38, 39–40, 155–6, 176
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Nabers, Dr. Frank and Mrs. Braxton Bevelle, 196
Natchez (MS), 223, 224
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
campaigns to fight extradition, 26, 37, 50
efforts to record police homicides, xxiii
fight for Black rights, 80
publicity from racial justice campaigns, 7, 12–3
reluctance to intervene in cases, xi, 295n96
reluctance to intervene in rendition cases, 63, 64–5
successful judicial redress instances, 59
tensions with local groups/lawyers, 94–5
National Negro Congress, xxiii, 66
Negro Citizens Defense Committee of Birmingham, 210
Negro Transportation Survey project, 119
Nelson, Burt, 46
New Orleans (LA), 42, 49, 51, 74, 255
New York Amsterdam News, 206
Newton, Demetrius, 201
Nichols, L.B., 251
Noble, Marion Franklin, 211
Nobles, Melissa, xiv
North Carolina, 85–6, 87, 120
Noxubee County (MS), 78
organizing for Black labor rights, 14
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 28
parallels between modern policing and slavery, xx
Parker, Edward Burns
murder case, Carlisle, Baxter Willie, 151
murder case, Gunn, Walter, 132–3, 135, 158
murder case, Lockwood, William (Pim), 144
murder case, Thomas, Edgar, 139
refusal to prosecute, 139, 144, 145–6
Parker, James Leon, 33
Parks, Rosa, xii
Paterollers, 54
Patrick, Attorney William T., 1, 62, 63, 68
Patten, Charles, 154
Patterson, Thomas, 212
Pensacola Journal, 15, 21
Penton, Sheriff Moses. S, 17, 24
Perkins, Joe, 212
Philadelphia (PN), 59
Phillips, Wendell, 5
Pickens, William, 38
Pinckney, James L., 137–8
Pinkard, Otis, 99
Pittsburgh Courier, xviii, 108, 206, 210, 249
Plessy, Homer, 73
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), 8, 115, 168
policing
limitations of liability on officers, xxi
and mob law, 154
officers’ ties with KKK, 103
parallels with slavery and Jim Crow, xx, 54, 265
power of local sheriffs, 154
torture of Black suspects, 159, 160
violence, Black victims, 46, 51, 53, 59, 130–1, 137–8, 142, 148, 192, 194–5
violence, white victims, 184
positive law and rendition, 56
Powell, Daisy, 49, 53
President’s Committee on Civil Rights, 145
Preus, Jacob, 58
protests against racial violence, xvii–xviii, xx, 51, 190, 193, 196, 205–6
Puffer, William M., 32, 33
Quiney, William, 241, 244
racial violence
against Black soldiers, 74, 82, 85, 91, 105, 109, 115
against Black women on buses, 120
history of, xiv
interpretation of Thirteenth Amendment, 171
Ku Klux Klan (KKK) crimes, 128, 225
massacres/carnage, xviii, 168–9, 241
obstacles to effective prosecution, 163–4
police brutality, xx, 45–7, 53, 130–1, 137–8, 142, 148, 158, 174–5, 180, 182, 194–5, 265
protests against, xvii, xx, 94, 205–6
resistance to, xvi–xvii
role of federalism in perpetuating, 154
Rawls, William (Bill), Jr., 246
Ray, Tom, 15, 24, 58
Rayburn, Sam, xi–xii
Raymon, Harry, 143
Reco, Charles, 115
reconciliation. See redress of historical injustices
Red Record, The (Wells-Barnett), 214
redress of historical injustices, 242–4, 262, 265
Redwine, Allene, 233
Reeves, Clifford, 106
rendition
campaigns to fight extradition, 57, 58–9, 59
Fugitive Slave Cause, 56
post-Civil War, 57
protests against, 4–6, 59
reforms to Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 57
roots of, 3
before US Constitution adoption, 55–6
See also extradition attempts
reparation
components of, 264, 272
concept of debt as grounds for, 266
description of, 263
for injustices of Jim Crow, 271
Japanese internment payments, 270
material remedy, 269–70, 272
official apologies, path to reparative justice, 268–9, 317n269
problem of time, 264
psychology of repair, 265–6
rationale for, 263, 272
steps toward, 267–9
See also redress of historical injustices
resistance
boycotts, 195
as a cultural phenomenon, 191
personal liberty law, Michigan, 12
precursor to Black Lives Matter movement, 191
against racial violence, xvii, xxiii–xxiv, 189
against rendition, 10, 13, 25, 28, 56–7, 68
against segregated transportation, 74, 118–21
strikes, 205–6
restorative justice. See redress of historical injustices
riots, 11. See also protests against racial violence; resistance
Robb, Spencer H., 150, 151
Roberts, Owen, 167, 176
Robinson, Aubrey E., 112
Robinson, Jackie, 111
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 117, 134
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 38, 118
Rose, Giles, 12
Rotnem, Victor, 251
Roundtree, James Leonard, 180
Rouse, Vida, 204, 208
Rowe, James, 162
Ruby, Jack Leon, 28
Ruffin, Thomas, 222, 236
Rutledge, Wiley, 176
Samuels, Theodore Wesley, 116, 118
Sands, Robert, 212
Scottsboro trials, 64
Screws, Claude, 172–5, 173–5
Screws v. United States (1945), xxiii, 145, 167
To Secure These Rights (Report), 163
segregated housing, 80, 102, 203
segregated transportation
Black soldiers, defiance of, 74, 81, 90
Black women, defiance of, 119–20
boycotts, 74, 83, 120
color boards, 103–4
desegregation order by government, 94
empowerment of drivers, 76–7
enforcement problem, 76–7, 81
and interstate carriers, 114–5
laws on, 114–5
policing of racialized spaces, 74, 82
segregation in army camps, 80–1
segregation of cemeteries, 79
segregation of schools, 78–9
Segrest, Florida, 134
Shaw, Atmas, 211
Shaw, Leander, 22
Sherwood, Walter, 257–8
Sherwood, Walter Curry, 259
Shreveport Times, 53
Shuttlesworth, Fred, xii
Skillman, William McKay, 50
slave catchers, 54
slavery
emancipation in free colonies, 56
escape from, 10–1
flogging during, 225
parallels with modern policing, xx
Sleeper, Governer Albert, 24
Smith, Turner L., 142
Smith, Wilbert (Moore), 47–54, 55
Smith, Wilmer. See Smith, Wilbert (Moore)
South, Quintar, 158
Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (Wells-Barnett), 214
Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), xxiii, 138–9, 200–1
Southwest Mississippi, 222–3
Sparks, Chauncey, 81, 85
Spaulding, Charles Clinton, 87
Spicely, Booker, 89–91, 118
Spicely, Robert, 92, 95, 97–8
Spicely, Ruth Ida, 93
Stanley, Eugene, 51
Starr, Amos, 146
statutes to combat lynching, 128, 156
Stevenson, Adlai, 61
Stimson, Henry, 114, 118
streetcar boycotts, 74
Stuckey, Henry, 31, 33
Sutherland, W. F., 158–9
Sweet, Ossian and Gladys, 38
Talmadge, Eugene, xi
Tart, Eugene, 19–29, 26
Taylor, Gardner C., 51
Tennessee, 111, 252–3
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company (TCI), 199, 203, 205
Texas, 28, 111, 115, 233–4
Thomas, Edgar Bernard, 136
Thomas, James Davis, 212
Thomas, Paul B., 205
Thornton (fugitive slave), 11
Tomlinson, Clara Louise, 16
Tulsa Race Massacre, 58
Turner, Felton, 234
Tuskegee Civic Association, 132
Tuskegee syphilis experiment, 143
Tuttle, Elbert, 135
Ubuntu, concept of social equilibrium, 272
undercover surveillance of Black communities, 92, 93
Underground Railroad, xxi–xxii, 3, 10, 56
Underwood, Emory, 159
union organizing, 203–4
Union Springs (AL), 136
United Mine Workers, 203
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), xviii–xix, xix–xx, 159, 168, 170
US Commission on Civil Rights, 226
US Supreme Court
desegregation of interstate travel, 115
and the Extradition Clause, 57
and federalism, 153
interpretation on federal criminal authority, 167
Justice Bradley’s opinion, effects of, xix, 168
overturn of Georgia’s debt peonage system, 67
Screws v. United States (1945), 167, 175, 182
United States v. Cruikshank (1876), xviii–xix, xix–xx, 159, 168, 170
Vaden, Thomas, 82
Van Pelt, Sheriff James, 22
Vanderford, J. A., 200, 201, 205
Veterans Administration Hospital, 140
Waite, Morrison, 170
Waldron, Jeremy, 265
Walker, Buster, 246
War Department, 114, 115, 116, 125
Ward, Eugene, 211
Warren, Earl, 58–9
Washington, Booker T., 19, 21, 22, 86
Washington, Caliph, 106
Washington, Letha, 43
Washington, Loyd Dewitt Talmadge, 42–3
Watson, Junior, 194
Weeks, William Ryan, 104
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., xxii, xxiii, 214
Weston, Walter, 211
Wetumpka, (AL), 17
Whatley, Leroy, 212
Whipple, William, G., 171
White, Hugh, 39
White, Mary, 120
White, Walter, xxii, 25, 27, 38, 53, 65, 249–50
white female victim narrative, 202, 206
white supremacy, 192
legal consolidation of, 8
prevalence of, xii
similarities with police views, 154
See also Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Whitecap movement, 223. See also white supremacy
Whitley, Alfred (Juicy), 227
Whittle, Hollis, Eugene, 137
Wilkins, Roy, 83
Wilkinson, Horace C., 76
Williams, Annie, 248, 249
Williams, Edwin Clifford, 255, 257, 259
Williams, Elbert, 162, 245, 247–8, 254
Williams, Henry, 78, 82, 118
Williams, James, 259–60
Williams, Lillian (Alveris), 255–9, 260–1
Williams v. Mississippi (1898), 8
Williams v. United States (1951), 184
Willie, James T., 51
Wilmington (NC), 120
Wilson, Dave, 211
Wilson, Woodrow, 31
Winborne, Stanley, 85
Winfield, Josephine (Josie), 28, 31–44, 55, 67
Wisdom, John, 135
Woods, Dock, 66
Woods, Jesse, 231–2
Woods, Otis, 66
Woodward, C. Vann, xiii
Works, Monroe, xxiii
Wright, Charles, 212
Wyatt, Lorenzo, 102, 106
Y&MV Railroad, 48
Yazoo County (MS), 30
Zachary, Darel, 48
Zimmerman, George, 272
Frontispiece: Elizabeth Catlett, I have special reservations
Copyright © 2022 by Margaret Burnham
All rights reserved
First Edition
“History” from The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes by Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad with David Roessel, Associate Editor, copyright © 1994 by the Estate of Langston Hughes. Used by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved.
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact W. W. Norton Special Sales at specialsales@wwnorton.com or 800-233-4830
Jacket design: Jaya Miceli
Jacket photograph: Utopia_88 / Getty Images
Book design by Chris Welch
Production manager: Lauren Abbate
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
ISBN: 978-0-393-86785-5
ISBN: 978-0-393-86786-2 (ebk.)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
Margaret A. Burnham, By Hands Now Known
