The Spirit of Democracy, page 63
Mussolini, Benito, 41
Mutharika, Bingu wa, 254
Mwenda, Andrew, 249–50
Namibia, 27, 107, 109, 121
Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada Movement), 158–59
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 264
Nathan, Andrew, 229–30
National Action Party (PAN, Mexico), 181
National Citizens’ Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), 44, 115
National Counter-Corruption Commission (Thailand), 80
National Democratic Institute (NDI), 107, 121–22, 124–26, 301, 315
National Democratic Party (NDP, Egypt), 268–70
National Electoral Council of Venezuela, 25–26
National Endowment for Democracy (NED), 52, 107, 121–22, 126–30, 274, 315–16, 320, 338
National Intelligence Council, 231
nationalism, 3, 48, 196, 298
National Movement for Simeon II (Bulgaria), 196
national reconciliation process, 124
National Resistance Army (NRA, Uganda), 250
national service program, 361
National Trade Unions Congress (Singapore), 211
“National Union Attack” Party, 195
Nation (Thai newspaper), 82
NATO, 116, 140, 142, 190, 206, 335
natural resources, 247
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 86, 202–4
Nazis, 197
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 2, 153, 156
neopatrimonialism, 247–52, 258–59
neorealism, 13
Nepal, 46, 60, 213–15, 293
Netherlands, 117, 128, 316
networking, 52, 297, 300, 320–21
Network of Democracy Research Institutes, 129
Network of Domestic Election Observers (NEDEO), 126
Network of Mobile Election Monitors, 340
Neves, Tancredo, 42–43
New Europe Barometer, 192–93
New Order (Indonesia), 8, 11, 91–92
New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), 149, 332
New York Times, 234, 275
New Zealand, 36, 335
Ney, Bob, 348
Nicaragua, 1, 46, 53, 104, 116, 121, 123–26, 146, 179, 182, 188
Niger, 49, 117, 250, 253
Nigeria, 3, 5, 9, 12, 25–26, 34, 43, 54, 57, 59–60, 63, 64, 70–78, 76, 82, 104–5, 109–10, 113, 119–20, 125–26, 128–29, 150, 162, 238–48, 250–51, 255, 293, 295, 298–99, 305, 312, 318–19, 340; Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, 72, 248; National Assembly, 72–74, 129, 243
Nivola, Pietro, 358–60, 364–66
Nixon, Richard, 2, 3, 7
Niyazov, Saparmurat, 202
Nkrumah, Kwame, 2, 253
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 81, 84, 85, 112, 121, 123–24, 126–30, 132, 146, 160, 204–5, 223, 234, 256, 262, 281, 310–11, 320–21, 325, 338
“nonintervention,” 106, 146, 148
nonviolence, 157, 159, 280, 284, 285
Noriega, Manuel, 46, 134, 143
Norris, Pippa, 34–35
North, Douglass, 296
North Carolina Sparta Teapot Museum, 351
North Korea, 90, 113, 117, 130, 212–13, 341
Norway, 117
Nour, Ayman, 264, 270, 274
nuclear weapons, 57, 114, 281, 339
Nunn, Sam, 134
Nyerere, Julius, 9, 110, 252
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 70, 72–74, 82, 244, 255
Occidental Petroleum, 120
O’Donnell, Guillermo, 90, 102, 303
Office of Government Ethics, U.S., 353
Ogoni activists, 119, 150
oil, 60, 64, 67–79, 76, 94, 96–97, 105, 116, 129, 187, 203–7, 220, 238, 241–48, 250–52, 267, 280, 330, 341
oil companies, 113, 120, 125–26, 203
oligarchies, 65–66, 220, 292
Oman,76, 79
ombudsmen, 300, 306
one-party hegemonic systems, 26
one-party rule, 49–50, 55, 93–94, 110, 255, 257–58, 260
Ong, Nhu-Ngoc T., 37
“open access order,” 297
opening access, 299–300
opening closed societies, 331
Open Society Institute, 128
opposition and opposition parties, 68–70, 81–85, 89, 99, 154, 203, 252, 260–61, 293, 299; arrest of, 24, 84, 270–73, 279, 299; Asia and, 209–10, 213, 217; divisions among, 119; Middle East and, 264–65, 268, 270–72, 274–75, 278, 281, 283–87; postcommunist countries and, 66–67, 200, 202, 207
Orange Revolution, 51, 53, 84–85, 109, 122, 129, 192, 200, 340
order, failure to maintain, 58, 88, 90, 197–98
“Organic Law of the Supreme Court” (Venezuela), 69
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 326; Anti-Bribery Convention, 312
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 125, 140–42, 339
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 108–9, 146–48
Organization of American States (OAS), 69, 107, 114–16, 134, 136, 142–48, 173, 182, 332–34
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, 133
organized crime, 184–85, 221, 232, 299
Ortega, Daniel, 146
Otpor (Serbian student group), 110, 122
Our Democracy, Our Airwaves Act (U.S. proposed), 356
overlapping authority, 303, 306
oversight, 183, 260, 300, 302, 306–7, 353, 357
Oviedo, Lino César, 135–36
“pacted” transition model, 42, 52, 110, 237
Pact of Moncloa (1977), 42
Pakistan, 12, 46, 54, 56–60, 63, 64, 82, 86, 113–14, 150, 214–15, 225, 274, 286, 293, 327, 330–31
Pakistan Muslim League (PML), 57
Palestine, 60, 265–66, 268–69, 272, 276–78, 337
Panama, 46, 106, 124, 134, 143, 178, 187
Paraguay, 46, 124, 135–36, 144, 177, 179
parallel vote tabulation, 123–24
paramilitary, 185, 253, 281
Park Chung Hee, 11
parliamentary system, 161, 188–89, 195, 200, 300, 306–7, 367
parliaments, 126, 127, 258, 272, 292, 300–301
Party of Regions (Ukraine), 200
PBS (TV network), 18
Peace Corps, 172
peasants, 53, 98, 103–4, 158–59, 180, 186, 232
Pei, Minxin, 232–33, 234–35 “people power revolutions,” 43–44, 52, 108, 222–24
People’s Action Party (PAP, Singapore), 208–12
People’s Democratic Party (PDP, Nigeria), 71–73, 244
People’s First Party (PFP, Taiwan), 216–17
People’s Party of Pakistan, 58
People’s Union for Civil Liberties, 158
Perina, Rubén, 333–34
Perón, Isabel, 7
Perón, Juan, 7, 42
personal rule, 247–52, 299–300
Peru, 42, 53, 59–60, 104, 114, 115, 144–45, 171–75, 179, 180, 181, 183, 359
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, 312
Philippines, 8, 11–12, 37, 43–44, 52–54, 60, 63, 64, 79–81, 88, 91, 103–5, 108, 110, 113, 115, 121, 124, 126, 151, 187, 213, 215, 220–24, 295, 306–7, 314, 319, 328, 340; Congress, 223, 307; Constitutional Commission, 224; Supreme Court, 222, 223
Pickering, Thomas, 243
Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio, 183, 184, 185
Pinochet, Augusto, 46, 112, 121, 182
pluralism, 12, 19, 29–30, 38, 65, 100, 111, 127, 155, 202–3, 205–6, 212, 214, 228, 253, 262, 265, 278–79, 281, 282, 284, 285, 312
Poder Ciudadano (Citizen Power), 130
Poe, Fernando, Jr., 222
Poland, 47, 52–53, 63, 104, 105, 108, 110, 121–22, 137, 138, 190–97, 199, 202, 206, 231, 237, 295, 314, 321, 335
polarization, 58, 82, 98, 214–15, 217, 225, 266–67, 345–46, 362–69
“Political and Socio-Economic Situation in Africa and the Fundamental Changes Taking Place in the World” (OAU), 110
political culture of democracy, 11, 103, 154–57. See also pragmatism and flexibility; tolerance; values
political observation missions, 333–34
political participation, 99, 121, 132, 155, 163–65, 176, 177–78, 181, 230, 245, 278, 292, 300–301, 310, 318, 321, 345–46, 359–64
political parties, 21; Africa and, 241; Asia and, 221, 225; democratic assistance and, 126–28, 132, 318; India and, 155, 161, 163–64, 168; Latin America and, 177, 179–81, 188; Middle East and, 267, 270–71, 282–87; postcommunist countries and, 193–98, 200–203; predatory society and, 300, 301; U.S. and, 345, 362–64, 367–68. See also opposition and opposition parties
political prisoners, 273, 274, 279, 282, 331
Politkovskaya, Anna, 66 Polyarchy (Dahl), 10
Popper, Karl, 279
Popular Democratic Party of Portugal, 4
popular mobilization, 50–51, 101–2, 104–5, 108–10, 119, 197–98, 217, 265
populism, 98, 176–78, 188, 193, 195–96, 199
Pora (It’s Time, Ukrainian student group), 122, 129
Portugal, 3–6, 9, 11–12, 39–41, 42, 91, 110, 120, 137, 140, 218, 314
Portuguese Guinea, 39
Posner, Daniel, 254, 255
postcommunist countries, 13, 32, 34–35, 50–51, 54–55, 63, 84, 100, 136–42, 190–207, 246, 293, 295–96, 301–2. See also specific countries
postindustrial society, 100, 218–19 “postmaterialist” values, 100
poverty; Africa and, 240–42, 245–47, 249–51, 253–54, 258, 261–62; China and, 229, 233; crisis of legitimacy and, 92–93; democracy and, 5–6, 27–28, 58–59, 96; democracy assistance and conditioning aid for, 105, 131–32, 319–29; fight vs. global, 2; Indian democracy and, 153–68; Latin America and, 173–76, 179, 181, 183–89; Middle East and, 280, 283; oil and, 75, 77–78; postcommunist countries and, 205; predatory societies and, 298; survival values and, 100; technology and, 343
Powell, Colin, 134
power: concentration of 261, 273, 357–59; dispersal of, 98, 301, 283; oil and, 79; predatory society and, 296, 298–299, 301; rotation of, 167, 179–80
powerlessness, 277, 345, 361
pragmatism and flexibility, 155–56, 162, 286, 362
prebendalism, defined, 248
predatory society, 296–313, 336
Prem Tinsulanonda, 83
presidency, concentration of power in, 261, 357–59; life, or prolonged, in 251–53, 255, 275–76; predatory society and, 299
presidential systems, 178–79, 188–89, 240–41, 252–59, 357–60, 367–68
President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS relief (PEPFAR), U.S., 327
press. See media and press
Princeton Project, 335
prisons, 185, 186, 358
privatization, 65, 197, 199, 302, 349 “project monitoring units,” 250
property rights, 181, 188, 302, 304
proportional representation (PR), 195, 260, 266, 367–68
protest, right to, 21, 292
Protestant tradition, 96
protests, 44, 84–85, 93–94, 101, 109, 118, 181, 188, 198, 204, 213, 225, 234–35, 240, 244, 264–65, 271, 340–42. See also popular mobilization
Protocol of Washington (1992, 1997), 143
Przeworski, Adam, 27, 97
pseudocapitalism, 227–30
pseudodemocracy, 23–24, 67–70, 107, 119, 144, 154, 191, 212, 259–60, 303
psychic mobility, 98–99
public audits, 300, 306, 309
Public Citizen, 353
public opinion surveys, 20, 31–37, 33, 74, 83–84, 93; Africa and, 255–59; Asia and, 214–15; China and, 231–32; Iraq and, 268; Latin America and, 177; Middle East and, 277–78; postcommunist countries and, 192–93; regional democratic promotion and, 139–40; U.S. and, 346, 362
public services and administration, 126, 245, 248–52, 262, 268, 299, 301–2. See also governance
Putin, Vladimir, 64–67, 75, 82, 84, 86, 88, 162, 191, 207
Putnam, Robert, 297, 310, 313, 360–61, 362
Pye, Lucian, 18
Qatar, 76, 79, 96, 263, 266, 338
quotas, 164
Qutb, Sayyyid, 35
racial minorities, 21, 22, 157, 176, 185, 187, 209, 212, 358
racism, 155, 194–95
Radelet, Steven, 323, 327–28
radio, 99, 122, 130, 262, 321, 330, 339, 342–43
Radio Caracas Television, 342
Radio Farda, 330
Radio Moscow, 110
Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, 225
Rakhmonov, Imomali, 205
Ramalho Eanes, António, 41
Ramento, Alberto, 224
Ramos, Fidel, 221, 222
Rashid, Ahmed, 57
Rawlings, Jerry, 253, 255
Reagan, Ronald, 2, 18, 44, 115–16
realism, 1–2, 12–13, 86
regional promotion of democracy, 52, 107, 115, 123, 135–52, 293, 295, 332–36
religious conflict, 58–59, 160, 225, 256, 301
religious groups, 21, 22, 104, 161, 203, 236, 256, 261, 284, 310, 337
religious vs. secular democracy, 35, 277–78
RENAMO, 260
rents and rent-seeking, 105, 247, 251, 296, 298, 302
Republican Party (U.S.), 121, 351, 364, 367, 368
responsiveness of government, 23, 167, 176, 177 “revalorization” of democracy, 103
Rheingold, Howard, 340, 344
rightists, 7, 180–81, 193–95, 197–98
rights, 21–22, 55, 67, 165–67, 176, 187, 200, 253, 259, 266. See also freedoms, defined
Rogers, Steven, 224
Roh Moo Hyun, 218
Roh Tae Woo, 44
Roma minorities, 138, 194–95
Romania, 48, 109–10, 112, 132, 138–39, 190, 194–99, 319, 359
Roosevelt, Franklin, 1
Rose, Richard, 34, 193
Rose Revolution (Georgia), 51, 201–2
Rotary Club, 172
Rousseauan tradition, 12
Rowen, Henry S., 97, 231, 233
Rowland, John, 348
Rudolph, Susanne and Lloyd, 164
rule of law, 13, 19–23, 29, 36–37, 40, 57–58, 80, 82, 110, 150, 155, 161, 163, 165–67, 220, 297–99, 303–5, 317, 336; Africa and, 245–48, 258, 261; civic community and, 297–98; horizontal accountability and, 303–5; Latin America and, 178–79, 183–86; Middle East and, 283; new democracies and, 292; postcommunist countries and, 192, 198; predatory society and, 298–300; U.S. and, 331, 336, 357–59
ruling party, 24–25, 58. See also political parties
Rupnik, Jacques, 199
Russia, 12, 48, 54, 60, 63–67, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84–86, 112, 140–41, 190–93, 198–99, 199, 200, 202, 206–7, 237, 293, 318–20, 335; Duma, 65–66; Federation Council, 65; Revolution of 1917, 40
Ryan, George, 348
Saakashvili, Mikhail, 51, 201
Sachs, Jeffrey, 323, 326
Sadat, Anwar al-, 276
Sadr, Muqtada al-, 267
Salazar, António, 40
Samoobrona (Self-Defense) Party (Poland), 195
sanctions, 86, 113–14, 116–20, 144, 271, 281, 339
Sandanistas, 46, 116, 121, 146 “Santiago Commitment to Democracy” (1991), 143–44
Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 150
Satellite TV, 130, 321, 342
São Tomé y Principe, 49, 148
satyagraha (civil disobedience), 157
Saudi Arabia, 63, 64, 75, 76, 78, 90, 113, 114, 266, 268, 274–75, 278, 330, 342
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 19
Schmitt, Eric, 343
Schmitter, Philippe, 90, 102
Schumpeter, Joseph, 21
Seck, Idrissa, 261
second reverse wave, 41
second wave of democratization, 41
sectarian violence, 58, 266–68, 337
security ties, 112 “security waiver,” 331
selectivity, 322–23, 326, 328 “self-expression values,” 100, 101
Sen, Amartya, 28–31, 154–55, 164
Senegal, 50, 257, 261, 293, 328
Senghor, Léopold, 252
separation of powers, 284, 306–7, 357
separatism, 163, 201, 221
September 11, 2001, attacks, 34, 86–87, 113–14, 338, 346, 366
Serbia, 48, 51, 53, 91, 105, 109–10, 116, 120, 122, 124, 141–42, 191, 194, 199, 293, 298, 314, 342
Serrano, Jorge, 144
Seychelles, 96
Shagari, Shehu, 243
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 85–86
sharia (Islamic law), 284, 337
Sharif, Nawaz, 56–58, 82
Shayeb, Jafar al-, 275
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 51, 202
Shia Muslims, 58, 267–68, 341
Shiite Islamists, 267, 269, 273
Shin, Doh Chull, 36–38
Shin Corporation, 81
Shining Path, 183
Shultz, George P., 115
Siderov, Videron, 195
Siegle, Joseph, 331
Sierra Leone, 24, 148, 150, 253
Silitski, Vitali, 84
Simeon II, king of Bulgaria, 196
Sin, Jaime Cardinal, 44, 108
Sind Province, 58
Singapore, 8, 11, 17–18, 26, 31, 36, 80, 96–97, 102, 151, 208–15, 227, 230, 293, 335
Slovakia, 112, 138–39, 191, 194–95, 199, 321
Slovak National Party, 195
Slovenia, 137, 187, 190, 191, 192
smart mobs, 340
snowballing effect, 52, 108–10, 117
Soares, Mário, 5, 40
social capital, 160, 297, 300, 360
Social Democratic Center of Portugal, 4
social democratic parties, 180, 194
Social Democratic Party (Czech Republic), 194, 196
socialism, 7, 9, 93, 168, 180, 249
socialist parties, 180, 196
Socialist Party of Hungary, 197
Socialist Party of Portugal (PS), 4, 5, 40
Socialist Party of Senegal, 261
Socialist Party of Spain, 42
social requisites of democracy, defined, 11
social structure, 98–102
social welfare programs, 175, 178, 180–81, 188–89, 197, 211–12, 215
societal linkages, 331, 338–39
societal ties, 330
soft-liners or liberalizers, 102–3
Solidarity Center, 121, 315
Solidarity Electoral Action, 193–94
Solidarity trade union, 47, 108–9, 121–22, 196
“Some Social Requisites of Democracy” (Lipset), 96
Somoza, Anastasio, 1
Soong, James, 217
Soros, George, 128
South Africa, 9, 28, 42, 49, 52, 54, 63, 98, 103–5, 109–11, 117–18, 120–24, 150, 187, 246, 253, 258–60, 262, 295, 296, 301, 306, 314, 333, 335
