The Incendiary, page 26
56. Billy G. Smith, The “Lower Sort”: Philadelphia’s Laboring People, 1750–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 84.
57. Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., A Tour through Part of the North Provinces of America: Being, a Series of LETTERS Wrote on the Spot, in the Years 1774, & 1775. To which Are Annex’d, TABLES, Shewing the Roads, the Value of Coins, Rates of Stages, &c. (New York: The New York Times & Arno Press, 1968), p. 9.
58. Sharon V. Salinger, “To serve well and faithfully”: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 156–157; Tina H. Sheller, “Freemen, Servants, and Slaves: Artisans and the Craft Structure of Revolutionary Baltimore Town,” in American Artisans. Crafting Social Identity, 1750–1850, ed. Howard B. Rock, Paul A. Gilje, and Robert Asher (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 27.
59. Susan E. Klepp and Billy G Smith, eds., The Infortunate. The Voyage and Adventures of William, Moraley, an Indentured Servant (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 64.
60. Adolph B. Benson, ed., The America of 1750: Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America. The English Version of 1770, 2 vols., vol. 1 (New York: Wilson-Erickson Inc., 1937), p. 33.
61. Adam Gordon, “Journal of an Officer who Travelled in America and the West Indies in 1764 and 1765,” in Travels in the American Colonies, ed. Newton D. Mereness (NewYork: The Macmillan Company, 1916), p. 411.
62. Samuel Thronley, ed., The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 1774–1777 (London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd., 1925), p. 156.
63. Sharon V. Salinger, “To serve well and faithfully”: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 3; Billy G. Smith, The “Lower Sort”: Philadelphia’s Laboring People, 1750–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), p. 42.
64. Billy G. Smith, The “Lower Sort”: Philadelphia’s Laboring People, 1750–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), pp. 160–164.
65. Adam Gordon, “Journal of an Officer who Travelled in America and the West Indies in 1764 and 1765,” in Travels in the American Colonies, ed. Newton D. Mereness (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916), p. 414.
66. Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., A Tour through Part of the North Provinces of America: Being, a Series of LETTERS Wrote on the Spot, in the Years 1774, & 1775. To which Are Annex’d, TABLES, Shewing the Roads, the Value of Coins, Rates of Stages, &c. (New York: The New York Times & Arno Press, 1968), p. 34.
67. Samuel Thronley, ed., The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 1774–1777 (London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd., 1925), p. 158.
68. Life of James Aitken, p. 18.
69. Benjamin Woods Labaree, The Boston Tea Party (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 142–143.
70. Andrew Hook, Scotland and America. A Study of Cultural Relations 1750–1835 (Glasgow and London: Blackie, 1975), p. 50. David Allan, Scotland in the Eighteenth Century. Union and Enlightenment (London: Longman, 2002), p. 174; Margaret Wheeler Willard, ed., Letters on the American Revolution 1774–1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925), pp. 16–17.
71. Isaac S. Harrell, “North Carolina Loyalists,” North Carolina Historical Review 3, no. 3 (1926), p. 575.
72. Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun. Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake 1740–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 3–5; Michael Fry, “A Commercial Empire: Scotland and British Expansion in the Eighteenth Century,” in Eighteenth Century Scotland: New Perspectives, ed. Thomas M. Devine and J.R. Young (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 1999), p. 62.
73. Ian Charles Cagrill Graham, Colonists from Scotland: Emigration to North America, 1707–1783 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 167; Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun. Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake 1740–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 191.
74. Journal of a Lady of Quality, p. 196.
75. Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., A Tour through Part of the North Provinces of America: Being, a Series of LETTERS Wrote on the Spot, in the Years 1774, & 1775. To which Are Annex’d, TABLES, Shewing the Roads, the Value of Coins, Rates of Stages, &c. (New York: The New York Times & Arno Press, 1968), p. 40.
76. Ian Charles Cagrill Graham, Colonists from Scotland: Emigration to North America, 1707–1783 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 168.
77. Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun. Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake 1740–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 193.
78. Andrew Hook, Scotland and America. A Study of Cultural Relations 1750–1835 (Glasgow and London: Blackie, 1975), p. 49.
79. Franklin Bowditch Dexter, ed., The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901), p. 185.
80. R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution. A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800, 2 vols., vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 170; Andrew Hook, Scotland and America. A Study of Cultural Relations 1750–1835 (Glasgow and London: Blackie, 1975), p. 62; Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), p. 31.
81. NMM, Sandwich Papers, SAN F/10/40, 12 February 1777; Life of James Aitken, pp. 18–19.
82. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 136.
83. Susan E. Klepp and Billy G. Smith, eds., The Infortunate. The Voyage and Adventures of William Moraley, an Indentured Servant (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 124.
84. Simon Schama, Citizens. A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), pp. 26–29.
85. Charles Isham, ed., Collections of the New-York Historical Society, vol. 20 (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1888), p. 11.
86. Mrs. Paget Toynbee, ed., The Letters of Horace Walpole, Fourth Earl of Orford, 16 vols., vol. 10 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1904), p. 6.
87. Robert McCluer Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America 1760–1781 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973), pp. 462–463.
CHAPTER FOUR
1. The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 4; NMM, Sandwich Papers, SAN F/10/40, 12 February 1777.
2. Life of James Aitken, p. 19.
3. Samuel Thronley, ed., The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 1774–1777 (London: Jonathan Cape, Ltd., 1925), p. 276.
4. Susan E. Klepp and Billy G. Smith, eds., The Infortunate. The Voyage and Adventures of William Moraley, an Indentured Servant (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), p. 133.
5. Bernard Bailyn, “Introduction: Europeans on the Move, 1500–1800,” in Europeans on the Move: Studies in European Migration, 1500–1800, ed. Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 4.
6. Sylvia R. Frey, The British Soldier in America: a Social History of Military Life (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), pp. 6–7; 25.
7. S.R. Conway, “The Recruitment of Criminals into the British Army, 1775–81,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 58, no. 137 (1985), p. 46.
8. J. A. Houlding, Fit for Service. The Training of the British Army, 1715–1795 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 118.
9. John Fortescue, ed., The Correspondence of King George the Third, 6 vols., vol. 3 (London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1928), p. 423.
10. “Trial of James Hill,” col. 1367.
11. Life of James Aitken, pp. 20; 22.
12. The St. James’s Chronicle, 11–13 February 1777, p. 3.
13. J.A. Lowe, ed., Records of the Portsmouth Division of Marines 1764–1800, vol. 7, Portsmouth Record Series (Portsmouth: Published by the City of Portsmouth, 1990), p. xlvii.
14. The Gentleman’s Magazine, March 1777, p. 122.
15. The London Magazine, February 1777, p. 108.
16. Lincoln B. Faller, Turned to Account. The Forms and Functions of Criminal Biography in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 1.
17. NMM, Portsmouth Dockyard Officers’ Reports to the Navy Board, POR/D/20, 1775–1777
18. Susan E. Klepp and Billy G. Smith, eds., The Infortunate. The Voyage and Adventures of William Moraley, an Indentured Servant (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp. 139; 140.
19. The General Evening Post, 11–13 February 1777, p. 3; The Public Advertiser, 13 February 1777, p. 3; The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777p. 3.
20. Life of James Aitken, pp. 21; 22.
21. The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 4.
22. NMM, Portsmouth Dockyard Resident Commissioners’ Reports to the Navy Board, POR/F/16, 1775–1778.
23. N.A.M. Rodger, The Wooden World. An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (London: Collins, 1986), pp. 170–178.
24. “Trial of James Hill,” col. 1333.
25. NMM, Navy Board Letters, ADM/B/193, 1776.
26. The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 3.
27. The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 4.
28. John Harold Plumb, England in the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1960), pp. 38–40; Eveline Cruickshanks, “The Political Management of Sir Robert Walpole, 1720–42,” in Britain in the Age of Walpole, ed. Jeremy Black, Problems in Focus (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 12.
29. John Brewer, “The Wilkites and the Law 1763–1774: a Study of Radical Notions of Governance,” in An Ungovernable People. The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, ed. John Brewer and John Styles (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1980), pp. 170–171.
30. Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), pp. 11–12.
31. Edward P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London: Victor Gollancz, 1964), pp. 58–59.
32. R.R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution. A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800, 2 vols., vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959), P. 239.
33. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings, ed. Mark Philp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 20; 53.
34. Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), p. 40.
35. Edward P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London: Victor Gollancz, 1964), p. 27.
36. Jack Fruchtman, Thomas Paine. Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1994), p. 209.
37. Richard Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America, eighth ed. (London: T. Cadell, 1778), p. 56.
38. Jack Fruchtman, “The Apocalyptic Politics of Richard Price and Joseph Priestley: a Study in Late Eighteenth-century English Republican Radicalism,” Transations of the American Philosophical Society 73, no. 4(1983), p. 104.
39. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 140.
40. Dalphy I. Fogerstrom, “Scottish Opinion and the American Revolution,” William and Mary (Quarterly 9, no. April (1954), p. 256.
41. Life of James Aitken, pp. 22–23.
42. Once, for example, he was observed “grinding charcoal on a painter’s colour-stone, quite fine, and breaking gunpowder with a knife, as painters do Vermillion, to mix the two in clear water till it came to the consistency of new milk.” See The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 3.
43. NMM, Portsmouth Dockyard Officers’ Reports to the Navy Board, POR/D/20, 1775–1777; NMM, Portsmouth Dockyard Resident Commissioners’ Reports to the Navy Board, POR/F/16, 1775–1778; Life of James Aitken, p. 24.
44. NMM, Navy Board Letters, ADM/B/193, 1776.
45. “Trial of James Hill,” col. 1343.
46. Brian Lavery, ed., Shipboard Life and Organisation, 1731–1815, vol. 138, Publications of the Navy Record Society (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 1998), p. 451.
47. Portsmouth Guide, p. 25. “The Voyage of Don Manoel Gonzales (Late Merchant) of the City of Lisbon in Portugal, to Great Britain,” in A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World; Many of which Are Now First Translated into English, ed. J.H. Pinkerton (Philadelphia: Kimber and Contrad, 1810), p. 30.
48. Daniel Defoe, Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain. Divided into Circuits or Journies, 4 vols., vol. 1 (London: D. Browne … 1762), p. 202.
49. NMM, Sandwich Papers, SAN F/45C/16, 13 August 1773.
50. Henry Kitson, “The Early History of Portsmouth Dockyard, 1496–1800, IV,” Mariners Mirror 34 (1948), p. 273; Roger Morriss, The Royal Dockyards during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983), p. 45.
51. Philip MacDougall, Royal Dockyards (London: David & Charles, 1982), pp. 119–120.
52. The London Evening-Post, 3–5 July 1760, p. 2–3.
53. Philip MacDougall, Royal Dockyards (London: David & Charles, 1982), p. 120.
54. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 30 July 1770, p. 2.
55. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 31 July 1770, p. 2.
56. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 2 August 1770, p. 2.
57. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 3 August 1770, p. 4.
58. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 14 August 1770, p. 2.
59. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 11 August 1770, p. 4.
60. The Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 8 August 1770, p. 1.
61. The London Evening-Post, 27–29 August 1770, p. 3.
62. The London Evening-Post, 17–19 September 1770, p. 3.
63. Philip MacDougall, Royal Dockyards (London: David & Charles, 1982), p. 121.
64. Life of James Aitken, p. 59.
65. Philip MacDougall, Royal Dockyards (London: David & Charles, 1982), p. 87; B.H. Patterson, A Military Heritage. A History of Portsmouth and Portsea Town Fortifications (Portsmouth: Acme Printing Co. Ltd., 1987), p. 23.
66. J.A. Lowe, ed., Records of the Portsmouth Division of Marines 1764–1800, vol. 7, Portsmouth Record Series (Portsmouth: Published by the City of Portsmouth, 1990), pp. xxx–xxxi.
67. Margaret J. Hoad, Portsmouth—as Others Have Seen it. Part I 1540–1790, vol. 15, Portsmouth Papers (Portsmouth: Portsmouth City Council, 1972), p. 18.
68. James M. Haas, “The Royal Dockyards: the Earliest Visitations and Reform 1749–1778,” Historical Journal 13, no. 2 (1970), pp. 206–207; Philip MacDougall, Royal Dockyards (London: David & Charles, 1982), p. 100; R.J.B. Knight, ed., Portsmouth Dockyard Papers 1774–1783: the American War. A Calendar, vol. 6, Portsmouth Record Series (Portsmouth: Published by the City of Portsmouth, 1987), pp. 47–48.
69. Daniel Defoe, Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain. Divided into Circuits or Journies, 4 vols., vol. 1 (London: D. Browne … 1762), pp. 205–206.
70. Roger Morriss, The Royal Dockyards during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983), p. 104.
71. Life of James Aitken, p. 24.
72. The Hampshire Chronicle, 17 February 1777, p. 3.
73. NMM, Navy Board Letters, ADM/B/193, 1776.
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Life of James Aitken, pp. 25–26.
2. Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette in Two Worlds. Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolution (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 18.
3. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War. The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 18.
4. William B. Willcox, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 23 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983),. 173.
5. PMRS, S3/173/98, 23 March 1776; S3/174/6, 2 May 1776; S3/175/18, 31 December 1776.
6. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War. The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 90.
7. Life of James Aitken, p. 26.
8. Adam Gopnik, ed. 2004. Americans in Paris. A Literary Anthology. (New York: The Library of America, 2004), p. 2.
9. Life of James Aitken, p. 26.
10. Alexander Law, Education in Edinburgh in the Eighteenth Century, (London: University of London Press Ltd, 1965), p. 211.
11. Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland 1764 (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1953), p. 213.
12. Thomas P. Abernethy, “Commercial Activities of Silas Deane in France,” American Historical Review 39, no. 3 (1934), pp. 477–485; Kalman Goldstein, “Silas Deane: Preparations for Rascality,” Historian 43, no. 1 (1980), pp. 75–97.
13. Julian P. Boyd, “Silas Deane: Death by a Kindly Teacher of Treason? Part I,” William and Mary (Quarterly 16, no. 2 (1959), p. 166.
14. Orville T. Murphy, “The View from Versailles. Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes’s Perceptions of the American Revolution,” in Diplomacy and Revolution. The Franco-American Alliance of 1778, ed. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1981), pp. 112–114.
15. Edward Bancroft, A Narrative of the Objects and Proceedings of Silas Deane, as Commissioner of the United Colonies to France; Made to the British Government in 1776, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (Brooklyn: Historical Printing Club, 1891), pp. 26–27. Orville T. Murphy. Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French Diplomacy in the Age of Revolution, 1719–1787 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982), p. 240.
16. William B. Willcox, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 23 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), p. 211.
17. Deane’s version of their encounter, complete with the quotes that appear here, can be found in Charles Isham, ed. Collections of the New-York Historical Society, vol. 20 (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1888), pp. 6–11.
