Sexual Citizens, page 40
21. C. J. Pascoe and Jocelyn A. Hollander, “Good Guys Don’t Rape: Gender, Domination, and Mobilizing Rape,” Gender and Society 30, no. 1 (February 2016): 67–79, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215612707.
22. C. J. Pascoe and Jocelyn A. Hollander, “Good Guys Don’t Rape: Gender, Domination, and Mobilizing Rape”; Alexander Wamboldt et al., “Feminists and Creeps: Collegiate Greek Life and Athletics, Hybrid Moral Masculinity, and the Politics of Sexuality and Gender,” n.d.
23. Bridges, “A Very ‘Gay’ Straight?”; Demetriou, “Connell’s Concept of Hegemonic Masculinity”; Bridges and Pascoe, “Hybrid Masculinities”; Robbins, Fraternity.
24. Hirsch et al., “There Was Nowhere to Cry.”
25. Khan et al., “‘I Didn’t Want to Be “That Girl,’” Hirsch et al., “Social Dimensions of Sexual Consent among Cisgender Heterosexual College Students”; Maya Perry, “The Constitution of a Community: Why Student Clubs Are Starting to Take Sexual Violence Response into Their Own Hands,” Columbia Daily Spectator, February 24, 2019, https://www.columbiaspectator.com/eye-lead/2019/02/24/the-constitution-of-a-community-why-student-clubs-are-starting-to-take-sexual-violence-response-into-their-own-hands/.
26. Fletcher and Tienda, “High School Classmates and College Success.”
27. Messner, “Bad Men, Good Men, Bystanders.”
28. Banyard, Moynihan, and Crossman, “Reducing Sexual Violence on Campus”; Mabry and Turner, “Do Sexual Assault Bystander Interventions Change Men’s Intentions?”
29. Alexander Wamboldt et al., “Friends, Strangers, and Bystanders.”
30. Mark Kleiman, When Brute Force Fails: How to Have Less Crime and Less Punishment (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2010); Daniel S. Nagin, “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century,” Crime and Justice 42, no. 1 (August 2013): 199–263, https://doi.org/10.1086/670398.
31. Brenner, “Resisting Simple Dichotomies”; Piccigallo, Lilley, and Miller, “‘It’s Cool to Care about Sexual Violence’”; Brian Sweeney, “Party Animals or Responsible Men: Social Class, Race, and Masculinity on Campus,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 27, no. 6 (July 3, 2014): 804–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2014.901578.
32. Kipnis, Unwanted Advances; McCaughey and Cermele, “Changing the Hidden Curriculum of Campus Rape Prevention and Education”; Messner, “Bad Men, Good Men, Bystanders.”
33. Sarah McMahon and Victoria L. Banyard, “When Can I Help? A Conceptual Framework for the Prevention of Sexual Violence Through Bystander Intervention,” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011426015.
34. Pascoe and Hollander, “Good Guys Don’t Rape.”
CHAPTER 8: THE AFTERMATH
1. Cecilia Mengo and Beverly M. Black, “Violence Victimization on a College Campus: Impact on GPA and School Dropout,” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice 18, no. 2 (August 2016): 234–48, https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025115584750; Sarah E. Ullman, “Sexual Assault Victimization and Suicidal Behavior in Women: A Review of the Literature,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 9, no. 4 (July 2004): 331–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00019-3; Zinzow and Thompson, “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Victimization.”
2. Khan et al., “‘I Didn’t Want to Be ‘That Girl.’”
3. Hirsch et al., The Secret; Caroline M. Parker et al., “Social Risk, Stigma and Space: Key Concepts for Understanding HIV Vulnerability among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in New York City,” Culture, Health and Sexuality 19, no. 3 (March 4, 2017): 323–37, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1216604.
4. Khan et al., “I Didn’t Want to Be ‘That Girl’”; Shamus Khan et al., “Ecologically Constituted Classes of Sexual Assault: Constructing a Behavioral, Relational, and Contextual Model,” n.p.; Mary P. Koss et al., “Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences in the Victim’s Experience?,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 12, no. 1 (1988): 1–24.
5. Sable et al., “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men.”
6. Kaitlin M. Boyle, “Sexual Assault and Identity Disruption: A Sociological Approach to Posttraumatic Stress,” Society and Mental Health 7, no. 2 (July 2017): 69–84, https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869317699249; Melanie S. Harned, “Understanding Women’s Labeling of Unwanted Sexual Experiences with Dating Partners: A Qualitative Analysis,” Violence against Women 11, no. 3 (2005): 374–413; Orchowski, Untied, and Gidycz, “Factors Associated with College Women’s Labeling of Sexual Victimization.”
7. “McCaskill: Campus Sexual Assault Survey Results a ‘Wakeup Call’ for Schools | U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill of Missouri,” accessed May 4, 2015, http://www.mccaskill.senate.gov/media-center/news-releases/campus-sexual-assault-survey; Sharyn Potter et al., “Long-Term Impacts of College Sexual Assaults on Women Survivors’ Educational and Career Attainments,” Journal of American College Health, February 15, 2018, 1–37, https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1440574; “It’s On Us, a Growing Movement to End Campus Sexual Assault,” The White House, accessed May 4, 2015, http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/09/24/its-us-growing-movement-end-campus-sexual-assault.
8. Rosemary Iconis, “Rape Myth Acceptance in College Students: A Literature Review,” Contemporary Issues in Education Research (CIER) 1, no. 2 (2011): 47–52.
9. Sapana D. Donde, “College Women’s Attributions of Blame for Experiences of Sexual Assault,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 22 (November 2017): 3520–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515599659; Nicole K. Jeffrey and Paula C. Barata, “‘He Didn’t Necessarily Force Himself Upon Me, But . . . ’: Women’s Lived Experiences of Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships with Men,” Violence against Women 23, no. 8 (July 2017): 911–33, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216652507; Lonsway, Archambault, and Lisak, “False Reports.”
10. Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney, “Sexual Assault on Campus”; Stephen Cranney, “The Relationship between Sexual Victimization and Year in School in U.S. Colleges: Investigating the Parameters of the ‘Red Zone,’” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30, no. 17 (October 2015): 3133–45, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514554425; Flack, “‘The Red Zone’ Temporal Risk for Unwanted Sex among College Students”; Kimble et al., “Risk of Unwanted Sex for College Women.”
11. L. Kamin, “On the Length of Black Penises and the Depth of White Racism,” in Psychology and Oppression: Critiques and Proposals (Johannesburg: Skotaville, 1993), 35–54.
12. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
13. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
14. Gilbert et al., “Situational Contexts and Risk Factors Associated with Incapacitated and Nonincapacitated Sexual Assaults among College Women.”
15. Heather Littleton and Craig E. Henderson, “If She Is Not a Victim, Does That Mean She Was Not Traumatized? Evaluation of Predictors of PTSD Symptomatology among College Rape Victims,” Violence against Women 15, no. 2 (2009): 148–67; Laura C. Wilson and Angela Scarpa, “The Unique Associations between Rape Acknowledgment and the DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Clusters,” Psychiatry Research 257 (November 2017): 290–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.055.
16. Sarah McMahon et al., “Campus Sexual Assault: Future Directions for Research,” Sexual Abuse 31, no. 3 (April 2019): 270–95, https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063217750864; Potter, “Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus”; Malachi Willis and Kristen N. Jozkowski, “Barriers to the Success of Affirmative Consent Initiatives: An Application of the Social Ecological Model,” American Journal of Sexuality Education 13, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 324–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2018.1443300.
17. Catherine Kaukinen, “The Help-Seeking Decisions of Violent Crime Victims: An Examination of the Direct and Conditional Effects of Gender and the Victim-Offender Relationship,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17, no. 4 (April 2002): 432–56, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502017004006; Sable et al., “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men.”
18. Briana M. Moore and Thomas Baker, “An Exploratory Examination of College Students’ Likelihood of Reporting Sexual Assault to Police and University Officials: Results of a Self-Report Survey,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 22 (November 2018): 3419–38, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516632357; Sable et al., “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men”; Zinzow and Thompson, “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Victimization.”
19. Campbell, Dworkin, and Cabral, “An Ecological Model of the Impact of Sexual Assault on Women’s Mental Health”; Kate Walsh et al., “Lifetime Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence in US Women: Associations with Mood/Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 62 (March 2015): 7–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.002.
20. Lynn A. Addington and Callie Marie Rennison, “US National Crime Victimization Survey,” in Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, ed. Gerben Bruinsma and David Weisburd (New York: Springer New York, 2014), 5392–5401, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_448; Ruth D. Peterson and William C. Bailey, “Rape and Dimensions of Socioeconomic Inequality in U.S. Metropolitan Areas,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29, no. 2 (1992): 162–77.
21. Fisher et al., “Reporting Sexual Victimization to the Police and Others Results from a National-Level Study of College Women”; Patricia A. Frazier and Beth Haney, “Sexual Assault Cases in the Legal System: Police, Prosecutor, and Victim Perspectives,” Law and Human Behavior 20, no. 6 (1996): 607–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01499234; Martie Thompson et al., “Reasons for Not Reporting Victimizations to the Police: Do They Vary for Physical and Sexual Incidents?,” Journal of American College Health: J of ACH 55, no. 5 (April 2007): 277–82, https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.55.5.277-282; Cassia Spohn and Katharine Tellis, “The Criminal Justice System’s Response to Sexual Violence,” Violence against Women 18, no. 2 (February 2012): 169–92, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212440020.
22. David Lisak et al., “False Allegations of Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases,” Violence against Women 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1318–34, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210387747; Lonsway, Archambault, and Lisak, “False Reports”; Cassia Spohn, Clair White, and Katharine Tellis, “Unfounding Sexual Assault: Examining the Decision to Unfound and Identifying False Reports: Unfounding Sexual Assault,” Law and Society Review 48, no. 1 (March 2014): 161–92, https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12060; Dana A. Weiser, “Confronting Myths about Sexual Assault: A Feminist Analysis of the False Report Literature: False Reports,” Family Relations 66, no. 1 (February 2017): 46–60, https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12235; Kate B. Wolitzky-Taylor et al., “Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women,” Journal of American College Health 59, no. 7 (2011): 582–87; “Department of Justice: Sexual Assault False Reporting Overview.”
23. Rebecca Campbell and Sheela Raja, “Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims: Insights From Mental Health Professionals Who Treat Survivors of Violence,” Violence and Victims 14, no. 3 (1999): 261–75; Sable et al., “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Assault for Women and Men”; Zinzow and Thompson, “Barriers to Reporting Sexual Victimization.”
24. Kristine A. Peace, Stephen Porter, and Leanne ten Brinke, “Are Memories for Sexually Traumatic Events ‘Special’? A Within-Subjects Investigation of Trauma and Memory in a Clinical Sample,” Memory 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 10–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701363583; Bessel A. Van Der Kolk, “Trauma and Memory,” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 52, no. S1 (September 1998): S57–69, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5S97.x.
25. Tom J. Barry et al., “Meta-Analysis of the Association between Autobiographical Memory Specificity and Exposure to Trauma: Memory Specificity and Trauma,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 31, no. 1 (February 2018): 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22263; Anke Ehlers and David M. Clark, “A Cognitive Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 38, no. 4 (April 2000): 319–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0; Sarah L. Halligan et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Assault: The Role of Cognitive Processing, Trauma Memory, and Appraisals,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71, no. 3 (2003): 419–31, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.419.
26. Judith Lewis Herman, “The Mental Health of Crime Victims: Impact of Legal Intervention,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 2 (April 2003): 159–66, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022847223135.
27. Campbell and Raja, “Secondary Victimization of Rape Victims.”
28. Fisher et al., “Reporting Sexual Victimization to the Police and Others Results from a National-Level Study of College Women”; Spohn and Tellis, “The Criminal Justice System’s Response to Sexual Violence”; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., “Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women.”
29. Patricia C. Dunn, Karen Vail-Smith, and Sharon M. Knight, “What Date/Acquaintance Rape Victims Tell Others: A Study of College Student Recipients of Disclosure,” Journal of American College Health 47, no. 5 (1999): 213–19.
30. Victoria L. Banyard et al., “Friends of Survivors: The Community Impact of Unwanted Sexual Experiences,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25, no. 2 (February 2010): 242–56, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334407; Kathryn A. Branch and Tara N. Richards, “The Effects of Receiving a Rape Disclosure: College Friends’ Stories,” Violence against Women 19, no. 5 (May 2013): 658–70, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213490509; Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
31. Mellins et al., “Sexual Assault Incidents among College Undergraduates.”
32. Vicki Connop and Jenny Petrak, “The Impact of Sexual Assault on Heterosexual Couples,” Sexual and Relationship Therapy 19, no. 1 (February 2004): 29–38, https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990410001640817; Evalina van Wijk and Tracie C. Harrison, “Relationship Difficulties Postrape: Being a Male Intimate Partner of a Female Rape Victim in Cape Town, South Africa,” Health Care for Women International 35, no. 7–9 (September 2014): 1081–1105, https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2014.916708.
33. Khan et al., “Ecologically Constituted Classes of Sexual Assault: Constructing a Behavioral, Relational, and Contextual Model.”
34. Brenner, “Resisting Simple Dichotomies.”
35. Tom Boellstorff, “But Do Not Identify as Gay: A Proleptic Genealogy of the MSM Category,” Cultural Anthropology 26, no. 2 (May 2011): 287–312, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2011.01100.x; Brenner, “Resisting Simple Dichotomies”; Jonathan Garcia et al., “The Limitations of ‘Black MSM’ as a Category: Why Gender, Sexuality, and Desire Still Matter for Social and Biomedical HIV Prevention Methods,” Global Public Health 11, no. 7–8 (September 13, 2016): 1026–48, https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1134616.
36. Elissa R. Weitzman, “Poor Mental Health, Depression, and Associations with Alcohol Consumption, Harm, and Abuse in a National Sample of Young Adults in College,” The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 192, no. 4 (April 2004): 269–77, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000120885.17362.94; Heidi M. Zinzow et al., “Self-Rated Health in Relation to Rape and Mental Health Disorders in a National Sample of College Women,” Journal of American College Health 59, no. 7 (2011): 588–94.
CHAPTER 9: GENDER AND BEYOND
1. Connell, Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics; Christina Linder, Sexual Violence on Campus: Power-Conscious Approaches to Awareness, Prevention, and Response, Great Debates in Higher Education Ser. (Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Limited, 2018).
2. V. Banyard, “Who Will Help Prevent Sexual Violence: Creating an Ecological Model of Bystander Intervention,” Psychology of Violence 1, no. 3 (2011): 216–29; Casey and Lindhorst, “Toward a Multi-Level, Ecological Approach to the Primary Prevention of Sexual Assault”; Potter, “Reducing Sexual Assault on Campus.”
3. Elizabeth Armstrong and Jamie Budnick, “Sexual Assault on Campus: Part of Council of Contemporary Families’ Online Symposium on Intimate Partner Violence,” May 7, 2015, http://thesocietypages.org/ccf/2015/05/07/sexual-assault-on-campus/; Todd Crosset, “Male Athletes’ Violence against Women: A Critical Assessment of the Athletic Affiliation, Violence against Women Debate,” Quest 51, no. 3 (August 1999): 244–57, https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1999.10491684; Koss and Cleveland, “Athletic Participation, Fraternity Membership, and Date Rape”; Patricia Yancey Martin, “The Rape Prone Culture of Academic Contexts: Fraternities and Athletics,” Gender and Society 30, no. 1 (February 2016): 30–43, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215612708; Merrill Melnick, “Male Athletes and Sexual Assault,” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 63, no. 5 (1992): 32–36.
4. Elizabeth A. Armstrong, Miriam Gleckman-Krut, and Lanora Johnson, “Silence, Power, and Inequality: An Intersectional Approach to Sexual Violence,” Annual Review of Sociology 44, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 99–122, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041410; Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex; Linder, Sexual Violence on Campus: Power-Conscious Approaches to Awareness, Prevention, and Response.
5. Clayton M. Bullock and Mace Beckson, “Male Victims of Sexual Assault: Phenomenology, Psychology, Physiology,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 39, no. 2 (2011): 197–205; Ford and Soto-Marquez, “Sexual Assault Victimization among Straight, Gay/Lesbian, and Bisexual College Students.”
6. Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.”
7. Armstrong et al., “‘Good Girls.’”
8. Basile, “Rape by Acquiescence”; Ann L Coker et al., “Physical and Mental Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence for Men and Women,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23, no. 4 (November 2002): 260–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7; Patricia A. Resick, “The Psychological Impact of Rape,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 8, no. 2 (June 1993): 223–55, https://doi.org/10.1177/088626093008002005.
