The Compatibility Gene, page 28
Baamba tribe 86
bacteria 26, 36, 55, 58–9, 65–6, 100, 120, 161
mycoplasma 75
Barnard, Christiaan 43–5
Bateson, Beatrice 50–51
Bateson, William 50–51
Beauchamp, Gary 138–9, 146, 149
Beecher, Henry 43
Benacerraf, Baruj 199 n.24
Beyond Paradise (Estée Lauder) 135
Billingham, Rupert ‘Bill’ 11–14, 16, 19, 21, 62, 79, 168–9
bipolar disorder 157
Bjorkman, Pamela 62–4, 66–8, 75–9, 94, 175, 198 n.16, 199 n.21, 202 n.58
Black Death 24
blood
groups 47–9, 51–2, 194 n.24
red cells lack compatibility proteins 195 n.32
transfusions 53–5, 194 n.29
two types of test with white cells 57
umbilical cord 138
blood–brain barrier 151
Bluestone, Rodney 88, 90
Bodmer, Walter 55–6
bone-marrow transplantation 52, 60, 118, 122, 124, 176, 184, 195 n.33
Book of Perfumes, The (Rimmel) 135, 212 n.1
Borges, Jorge Luis 105, 206 n.15
Bound for Glory (Guthrie) 83
Boyse, Jeanette 137–8, 212 n.7
Boyse, Ted 137–9
Bragg, Billy 202 n.1
brains
brain death 45–7
cerebellum 159
hippocampus 155, 159
the mind 150–66, 215 n.10/17
Brent, Joanne 16
Brent, Leslie 11–16, 19, 21–2, 23, 37, 62, 79
Brewerton, Derrick 88–91, 96, 203–4 n.19/21
Brown, Gordon 85
Buddha 28
Bulmer, Judith 172, 174
Burnet, Linda 30–31, 37
Burnet, Macfarlane
acquired tolerance in action theory 51
ambition to discover grand unified theory of immunology 122
changing perceptions of why transplants failed 42
importance of work 160
international meetings established 55
joint winner of Nobel Prize in 1960 16, 22
one of greatest thinkers in human biology 23
paper published in 1949 11, 149
and pregnancy 167
responsible for a scientific revolution 34–41
self-marker hypothesis 28–31
and Strominger 65
and Zinkernagel/Doherty 69–71
Canadian Gairdner award 202 n.58
cancer
and compatibility genes 116
and genetic variants 87
immune cells 119
individual cells 116
leukaemia 37, 39, 60, 87, 109, 119
lymphoma 115
myeloma 115
NK cells 120, 122, 124, 129, 131
transmissible 71
tumours in transplant experiments 18
YAC-1 tumour cells 120
Carrel, Alexis 7
Carter, Jimmy 84
Cartographers Guild 105
Catholic Church 46
cattle twins 11, 31
cells
extra-villous trophoblast 168
trophoblast 168–9, 173–7
Ceppellini, Ruggero 56
‘Chemistry of Vision’ (Wald) 152
childbirth 180
cholera 26
Clinton, Bill 186
Clonal Selection Theory 34–7
Cohen, Leonard 117
compatibility genes
African diversity 113
animal sensing of 139, 146–7
and appropriate medicines 114–15
and cancer 116
Class II 97, 158
classical/non-classical 159
distinguishing our own cells 135
immune/nervous systems 165
importance of differences in 83–98
influencing mate selection 148
and Medawar 21
neurological disorders 157–9
and NK cell genes 131
no particular set perfect 181–2
non-self 118, 209 n.4
protection against particular diseases 181
sensing possibilities 137, 139
six different class I 51–2
and transplant patients 59–60, 70
Wedekind’s smelly T-shirt experiment 140–49, 156, 183–5
see also HLA
computers
as analysis tools 104–5
codes 103
technology advances 106
contraceptive pill 141–4
Cooper, Max 40
Cosmas, Saint 6
Crick, Francis 10, 33, 38, 63, 153
Crohn, Kurt 12
cyclosporine 59
cystic fibrosis 85, 87, 98
cytokines 158, 161
Damian, Saint 6
Danish National Serum Institute 32–3
Darvall, Denise 44
Darvall, Edward 43–4
Darwin, Charles 25, 29, 35, 135, 178
dating agencies xvi, 185, 187 n.3
Dausset, Jean 53–4, 56, 58, 60, 63, 68, 87, 195 n.39
Davies, Allan 65–6
Davis, Mark 72–3, 200–201 n.42
Davis, Daniel (author’s own research) 164–5
Davy, Humphry 6–7
Dawkins, Richard 17, 189 n.35
de Bakker, Paul 92
Denisovans 113
Dexter, Elizabeth 30–31
diabetes
type 1 97
type 2 162
disease 24–5, 27–8, 97, 190 n.20
DNA
analysis of xv, 112
author’s personal analysis 183–6
double helix 10, 33, 63, 118, 153
epigenetic changes 101
mitochondrial 112
Neanderthal 185
sequencing of 104
and UV light 131
Doherty, Peter 62, 69–73, 76, 199 n.28
Doll, Richard 17
Donahoe, Patricia 62
double helix DNA 10, 33, 63, 118, 153
Dovercourt Reception Camp 13
Dustin, Mike 163–4
Dylan, Bob 83–4
eclampsia 171, 176, 180
pre- 176–9
Einstein, Albert 9, 29, 100
epigenetic changes 101
Eskimos 113
eugenics 37
‘Experiments on plant hybrids’ (Mendel) 50
extra-villous trophoblast cells 168
F1 hybrids 117–18, 122, 124
Family Planning Association 19
Fenner, Frank 11, 28–9, 31, 35
Feynman, Richard 29, 63
Fleming, Alexander 100
foetuses 167–9
Frankenstein (Shelley) 6
freemartin calves 14
Friend, Stephen 101
functional architecture of the visual cortex 153
Galileo 76, 201 n.50
Gedankenexperiments 9
genes
B*57 xiv, 52, 93–4
compatibility see compatibility genes
description 63
and disease 100–101
human 165
IL28B 130
immune system 139, 180–81
MHC xiii
official naming 56–7
rare 108
genetics xi, 36, 51, 99, 107, 109, 112–13, 142
Germain, Ron 99 217 n.36
germs 23–7, 32
Gibson, Tom 7–9
Glasgow Royal Infirmary 7
Gorer, Peter 17–18, 21
Gould, Stephen Jay 20
gout 90
graft rejection 23
graft-v-host disease 60
Guarani tribe 113
Guthrie, Jo 84
Guthrie, Nora 83
Guthrie, Woody 83, 202–3 n.1
GWAS (genome-wide associations studies) 92, 101
H-2 genes 195 n.35
haemoglobin 85–6
S gene 85–6
Hamilton, Bill 142–3, 213 n.25
Hanna, Yaqub (Jacob) 175–6
Hansen’s disease see leprosy
Hartwell, Leland 41
Hawking, Stephen 29
heart transplantation 43
hepatitis B 59
hepatitis C 130
Herberman, Ronald 120–21, 209 n.7, 209 n.13
Hinduism 46
Hippocrates 24
HIV xiv, 91–6, 99, 108, 110, 114, 131, 148, 165
HIV Controllers study 92-3, 96–7, 99, 108, 204 n.37
HLA (human leukocyte antigens) A*02 57–8, 62
A*11 57–8
class I 57
class II 57, 114
description 57–8, 60, 195 n.35, 196 n.52
discovery of 132
diversity 113
genes 87–8, 97–8, 113–14, 145–9
and hepatitis C 130
HLA-A 118, 160, 169, 173
HLA-B*27 89–91, 97, 113, 186, 205 n.44
HLA-B*57 93–4, 96, 99, 110–114, 205 n.40
HLA-C 169, 177–8
HLA-E 220 n.28
HLA-G 173–5, 177, 220 n.28
and leukaemia 87
nomenclature 196 n.52
proteins see proteins
and sugar molecules 65–7, 198 n.18
types 185
see also compatibility genes
Hobbes, Thomas 21
Hodgkin’s lymphoma 87
Hubel, David 151–5, 165–6, 215 n.12
human genome 93–4, 101, 135, 165, 205 n.41
human leukocyte antigens see HLA
humanized mice 129
Hunt, Tim 41
Huntington’s disease 84, 98, 100, 203 n.8
Huntington’s Disease Society of America 84–5
Hutterites, the 144–5, 149
Huxley, Thomas 178
immune synapses 163–4
immune system
B cells 40
blood groups 47
and the brain 157
Burnet’s conception of 38–41
and cancer 119
and compatibility genes 135
genes 139, 167, 176, 179, 180–81
and HLA-G 174
immune cells 118, 125, 161–5
in the liver 59
and Medawar 42
and the nervous system 165
proteins 72, 155
recognizing/destroying non-self substances 23
T cells see T cells
uniqueness of 184–5
uterine immune cells 181
workings of xiv, 61, 132
immune-suppressive drugs 42–3
immunology 21, 59–60
inbreeding 118
influenza
hemagglutinin 64
viruses 64
InnatePharma 129
International HIV Controllers
Study, see HIV Controllers
Study
irreversible coma see brains, brain death
Islam 46
Japan Prize 202 n.58
Jerne, Niels 32–4, 41, 191 n.28/31
Jerne, Tjek 33
Judaism 46
Kafka, Franz xii, xvi
Kaingang tribe 113
Kappler, John 200 n.38
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 120
Kärre, Klas 117, 122–7, 172–3
Kaufman, Jim 64
Keystone symposia 163
kidney transplants 43–4, 52, 58–9, 126, 193 n.5
Kiessling, Rolf 117, 120–21, 123–4, 209 n.6/7
Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) 128–30
Kindertransport programme 12
Klein, George 122–3
Koch, Robert 26–7, 40
Kristallnacht 12
Kupfer, Abraham (Avi) 162–4, 217 n.39
Kupfer, Hannah 162
Landsteiner, Karl 47–53, 66, 194 n.19
Lauder, Estée 135
Lederberg, Josh 36
leprosy 120–21
leukaemia 37, 39, 60, 87, 109, 119
Lipscomb, William 64
liver transplants 58–9
Lives of the Cell (Thomas) 137
Ljunggren, Hans-Gustaf 125
Loke, Yung Wai (Charlie) 169–70, 172, 177, 218 n.7
Long Term Non-Progressors 92
Ly49 receptor 126–8, 210–11 n.33
lymphocytes 39
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) 69–70
lymphoma 115
MAC 53, 56, 58, 63, see also HLA, A*02
MacLennan, Ian 209 n.7
Mak, Tak 200 n.38
McMichael, Andrew 74–5
McDevitt, Hugh 199 n.24
malaria 86, 97, 147
Mandelboim, Ofer 175–7
Marsh, Steve 184
Medawar, Charles 20–21
Medawar, Jean 15–16, 19–21, 30
Medawar, Peter
base in war-torn London 28
and BBC Radio lectures 1959 104
and Brewerton 89
and Burnet 31, 34, 37–40, 42–3, 55
details of 3–5
discoveries 137
experiments in transplantation 135
hypothetical genes/infections example 160
and immune reaction against alien tissues 47, 62
and Landsteiner’s work 49, 51
a mother’s immune system 175
paradox remains unsolved 181
and pregnancy 167–9
and Strominger’s work 65
and Terasaki’s work 58
transplantation tolerance work 7–22, 23
undisputed leader of Billingham/Brent 79
Medical Research Council 7, 20
membrane nanotubes 165
Mendel, Gregor 50–51
menstrual synchronization 138
Merck 105–6
Merwe, Anton van der 163
MHC proteins 71–3, 125–7, 146, 155–6, 158–60, 201–2 n.55
micromanipulators 36
Miller, Jacques 38–9
‘missing self’ hypothesis 125–6, 172
Mitchison, Avrion 20, 189 n.47
mitochondrial DNA 112
Moffett, Ashley 169–75, 177, 218 n.14
molecular biology 100
Mondale, Walter 45–6
‘Mrs McK’ 7–9
Murray, Joseph 43 193 n.5
myeloma 115
narcolepsy 158, 216 n.24
National Institute of Medical Research 9, 19
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 65
Nazis 12
Neanderthals 113, 185
neuronal synapses 164
Neuroscience 2011 congress 161, 216 n.30
Nigeria 86
NK Cell Workshop (Detroit 1984) 125
NK (Natural Killer) cells 120–27, 129–32, 164, 169, 171–9, 209 n.7, 211 n.40/43
receptor 126
NK-cell congress (St. Petersburg, Florida, 1992) 173
NK-cell research community 172–3
Nobel Prizes
Benacerraff/Dausett/Snell 199 n.24
candidates a closely guarded secret 197 n.4
Einstein 29
Hartwell/Hunt/Nurse 41
Hubel and Wiesel 152
Kärre becomes committee chair 117, 127, 211 n.34
Koch 27
Landsteiner 49–50
Lederburg 36, 189 n.32
Medawar and Burnet 16–17, 22, 31, 34, 37
Murray and Thomas 193 n.5
Pauling 32
Tonegawa 38
van Rood left out of 58
views of 202 n.58
Wald 152
Wiley a candidate 62
Zinkernagel and Doherty 72
North American Indians 113
Nossal, Gustav 35–8
Nurse, Paul 41
On the Origin of Species (Darwin) 35, 135
One Lambda 91
organ transplantation xiii, 52
Owen, Ray 11, 14, 16, 31
Parham, Peter 66, 198 n.16
Pasteur, Louis 25–7, 40
Paul, Bill 162, 217 n.36
Paul Ehrlich Prize 202 n.58
Pauling, Linus 32–4
Payne, Rose 53–5, 60, 68, 87, 148
penicillin 65–6
peptides 74–6, 78, 95–8, 111, 145, 164
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (Süskind) 140
Phenomenon of Man, The (Teilhard de Chardin) 17
Pink Floyd 150
Pius XII, Pope 46
placentas 168, 171–2, 176, 181, 221 n.42
population-specific vaccines 114–15
pre-eclampsia 176–9
pregnancy 167–82, 176–7, 181
progesterone hormone 173
proteins
CCR5 108–10, 207 n.24
in cells 165
compatibility genes 151, 155–6
description 63–4, 66
and the ’flu virus 64
HLA 68–9, 71–3, 75–9, 92–6, 145, 175, 199 n.24
HLA-C 169
KIR (Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors) 128–30
Ly49 receptor 126–8, 210–11 n.33
MHC 71–2, 123, 125, 129, 211 n.36
and narcolepsy 158
NK cells 123–4, 129–31
peptides 74–6, 78, 95–8, 111, 145, 164
receptor in NK cells 126
structure 78
Protestantism 46
Ragon, Terry 93
Randi, James 142, 213 n.29
receptor in NK cells 126
Reinherz, Ellis 200 n.38
Rhesus factor 194 n.29
Rhazes 190 n.2
Rimmel, Eugene 135
Rituximab 115
Robinson, Doug xiv
Roche 102
Rotarod 159–60
Sage Bionetworks 106–7
Sanderson, Arnold 198 n.18
Saper, Mark 77 201 n.52
Schadt, Eric 100–107
schizophrenia 157
Secret of Scent, The (Turin) 135, 212 n.2
Seder, Bob 162, 217 n.36
selectionist theory 33
self-marker hypothesis 29
serology 52–3
sexual attractiveness 185
Shatz, Carla 150–52, 154–6, 158–62, 214 n.1
Shelley, Mary 6
sickle cell anaemia 85–7, 147
Simpson, Liz 19–20
skin grafts 7–11, 14, 23, 31, 42, 58
smallpox 29
smell 140–49, 214 n.42
smelly T-shirt experiment (Wedekind) 140–49, 156, 183–5
Snell, George 117–18, 199 n.24
Snow, C. P. 20
Social Audit 21
Spanish Inquisition 24
Starkey, Phyllis 172, 174
Starry Messenger, The (Galileo) 76
stem cells 109–10, 115, 138
steroid hormones 161–2
stickleback fish 146–8
Strominger, Jack 62–8, 75–6, 79, 94, 164, 175, 198 n.18, 201 n.52, 202 n.58
Sturmabteilung 12
Sushruta Samhita 5–6
Süskind, Patrick 140
Swedish navy 123
T cells
and cancer 119
explanation of 40
and HLA genes 97–8
and immune cells 199 n.27
bacteria 26, 36, 55, 58–9, 65–6, 100, 120, 161
mycoplasma 75
Barnard, Christiaan 43–5
Bateson, Beatrice 50–51
Bateson, William 50–51
Beauchamp, Gary 138–9, 146, 149
Beecher, Henry 43
Benacerraf, Baruj 199 n.24
Beyond Paradise (Estée Lauder) 135
Billingham, Rupert ‘Bill’ 11–14, 16, 19, 21, 62, 79, 168–9
bipolar disorder 157
Bjorkman, Pamela 62–4, 66–8, 75–9, 94, 175, 198 n.16, 199 n.21, 202 n.58
Black Death 24
blood
groups 47–9, 51–2, 194 n.24
red cells lack compatibility proteins 195 n.32
transfusions 53–5, 194 n.29
two types of test with white cells 57
umbilical cord 138
blood–brain barrier 151
Bluestone, Rodney 88, 90
Bodmer, Walter 55–6
bone-marrow transplantation 52, 60, 118, 122, 124, 176, 184, 195 n.33
Book of Perfumes, The (Rimmel) 135, 212 n.1
Borges, Jorge Luis 105, 206 n.15
Bound for Glory (Guthrie) 83
Boyse, Jeanette 137–8, 212 n.7
Boyse, Ted 137–9
Bragg, Billy 202 n.1
brains
brain death 45–7
cerebellum 159
hippocampus 155, 159
the mind 150–66, 215 n.10/17
Brent, Joanne 16
Brent, Leslie 11–16, 19, 21–2, 23, 37, 62, 79
Brewerton, Derrick 88–91, 96, 203–4 n.19/21
Brown, Gordon 85
Buddha 28
Bulmer, Judith 172, 174
Burnet, Linda 30–31, 37
Burnet, Macfarlane
acquired tolerance in action theory 51
ambition to discover grand unified theory of immunology 122
changing perceptions of why transplants failed 42
importance of work 160
international meetings established 55
joint winner of Nobel Prize in 1960 16, 22
one of greatest thinkers in human biology 23
paper published in 1949 11, 149
and pregnancy 167
responsible for a scientific revolution 34–41
self-marker hypothesis 28–31
and Strominger 65
and Zinkernagel/Doherty 69–71
Canadian Gairdner award 202 n.58
cancer
and compatibility genes 116
and genetic variants 87
immune cells 119
individual cells 116
leukaemia 37, 39, 60, 87, 109, 119
lymphoma 115
myeloma 115
NK cells 120, 122, 124, 129, 131
transmissible 71
tumours in transplant experiments 18
YAC-1 tumour cells 120
Carrel, Alexis 7
Carter, Jimmy 84
Cartographers Guild 105
Catholic Church 46
cattle twins 11, 31
cells
extra-villous trophoblast 168
trophoblast 168–9, 173–7
Ceppellini, Ruggero 56
‘Chemistry of Vision’ (Wald) 152
childbirth 180
cholera 26
Clinton, Bill 186
Clonal Selection Theory 34–7
Cohen, Leonard 117
compatibility genes
African diversity 113
animal sensing of 139, 146–7
and appropriate medicines 114–15
and cancer 116
Class II 97, 158
classical/non-classical 159
distinguishing our own cells 135
immune/nervous systems 165
importance of differences in 83–98
influencing mate selection 148
and Medawar 21
neurological disorders 157–9
and NK cell genes 131
no particular set perfect 181–2
non-self 118, 209 n.4
protection against particular diseases 181
sensing possibilities 137, 139
six different class I 51–2
and transplant patients 59–60, 70
Wedekind’s smelly T-shirt experiment 140–49, 156, 183–5
see also HLA
computers
as analysis tools 104–5
codes 103
technology advances 106
contraceptive pill 141–4
Cooper, Max 40
Cosmas, Saint 6
Crick, Francis 10, 33, 38, 63, 153
Crohn, Kurt 12
cyclosporine 59
cystic fibrosis 85, 87, 98
cytokines 158, 161
Damian, Saint 6
Danish National Serum Institute 32–3
Darvall, Denise 44
Darvall, Edward 43–4
Darwin, Charles 25, 29, 35, 135, 178
dating agencies xvi, 185, 187 n.3
Dausset, Jean 53–4, 56, 58, 60, 63, 68, 87, 195 n.39
Davies, Allan 65–6
Davis, Mark 72–3, 200–201 n.42
Davis, Daniel (author’s own research) 164–5
Davy, Humphry 6–7
Dawkins, Richard 17, 189 n.35
de Bakker, Paul 92
Denisovans 113
Dexter, Elizabeth 30–31
diabetes
type 1 97
type 2 162
disease 24–5, 27–8, 97, 190 n.20
DNA
analysis of xv, 112
author’s personal analysis 183–6
double helix 10, 33, 63, 118, 153
epigenetic changes 101
mitochondrial 112
Neanderthal 185
sequencing of 104
and UV light 131
Doherty, Peter 62, 69–73, 76, 199 n.28
Doll, Richard 17
Donahoe, Patricia 62
double helix DNA 10, 33, 63, 118, 153
Dovercourt Reception Camp 13
Dustin, Mike 163–4
Dylan, Bob 83–4
eclampsia 171, 176, 180
pre- 176–9
Einstein, Albert 9, 29, 100
epigenetic changes 101
Eskimos 113
eugenics 37
‘Experiments on plant hybrids’ (Mendel) 50
extra-villous trophoblast cells 168
F1 hybrids 117–18, 122, 124
Family Planning Association 19
Fenner, Frank 11, 28–9, 31, 35
Feynman, Richard 29, 63
Fleming, Alexander 100
foetuses 167–9
Frankenstein (Shelley) 6
freemartin calves 14
Friend, Stephen 101
functional architecture of the visual cortex 153
Galileo 76, 201 n.50
Gedankenexperiments 9
genes
B*57 xiv, 52, 93–4
compatibility see compatibility genes
description 63
and disease 100–101
human 165
IL28B 130
immune system 139, 180–81
MHC xiii
official naming 56–7
rare 108
genetics xi, 36, 51, 99, 107, 109, 112–13, 142
Germain, Ron 99 217 n.36
germs 23–7, 32
Gibson, Tom 7–9
Glasgow Royal Infirmary 7
Gorer, Peter 17–18, 21
Gould, Stephen Jay 20
gout 90
graft rejection 23
graft-v-host disease 60
Guarani tribe 113
Guthrie, Jo 84
Guthrie, Nora 83
Guthrie, Woody 83, 202–3 n.1
GWAS (genome-wide associations studies) 92, 101
H-2 genes 195 n.35
haemoglobin 85–6
S gene 85–6
Hamilton, Bill 142–3, 213 n.25
Hanna, Yaqub (Jacob) 175–6
Hansen’s disease see leprosy
Hartwell, Leland 41
Hawking, Stephen 29
heart transplantation 43
hepatitis B 59
hepatitis C 130
Herberman, Ronald 120–21, 209 n.7, 209 n.13
Hinduism 46
Hippocrates 24
HIV xiv, 91–6, 99, 108, 110, 114, 131, 148, 165
HIV Controllers study 92-3, 96–7, 99, 108, 204 n.37
HLA (human leukocyte antigens) A*02 57–8, 62
A*11 57–8
class I 57
class II 57, 114
description 57–8, 60, 195 n.35, 196 n.52
discovery of 132
diversity 113
genes 87–8, 97–8, 113–14, 145–9
and hepatitis C 130
HLA-A 118, 160, 169, 173
HLA-B*27 89–91, 97, 113, 186, 205 n.44
HLA-B*57 93–4, 96, 99, 110–114, 205 n.40
HLA-C 169, 177–8
HLA-E 220 n.28
HLA-G 173–5, 177, 220 n.28
and leukaemia 87
nomenclature 196 n.52
proteins see proteins
and sugar molecules 65–7, 198 n.18
types 185
see also compatibility genes
Hobbes, Thomas 21
Hodgkin’s lymphoma 87
Hubel, David 151–5, 165–6, 215 n.12
human genome 93–4, 101, 135, 165, 205 n.41
human leukocyte antigens see HLA
humanized mice 129
Hunt, Tim 41
Huntington’s disease 84, 98, 100, 203 n.8
Huntington’s Disease Society of America 84–5
Hutterites, the 144–5, 149
Huxley, Thomas 178
immune synapses 163–4
immune system
B cells 40
blood groups 47
and the brain 157
Burnet’s conception of 38–41
and cancer 119
and compatibility genes 135
genes 139, 167, 176, 179, 180–81
and HLA-G 174
immune cells 118, 125, 161–5
in the liver 59
and Medawar 42
and the nervous system 165
proteins 72, 155
recognizing/destroying non-self substances 23
T cells see T cells
uniqueness of 184–5
uterine immune cells 181
workings of xiv, 61, 132
immune-suppressive drugs 42–3
immunology 21, 59–60
inbreeding 118
influenza
hemagglutinin 64
viruses 64
InnatePharma 129
International HIV Controllers
Study, see HIV Controllers
Study
irreversible coma see brains, brain death
Islam 46
Japan Prize 202 n.58
Jerne, Niels 32–4, 41, 191 n.28/31
Jerne, Tjek 33
Judaism 46
Kafka, Franz xii, xvi
Kaingang tribe 113
Kappler, John 200 n.38
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 120
Kärre, Klas 117, 122–7, 172–3
Kaufman, Jim 64
Keystone symposia 163
kidney transplants 43–4, 52, 58–9, 126, 193 n.5
Kiessling, Rolf 117, 120–21, 123–4, 209 n.6/7
Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) 128–30
Kindertransport programme 12
Klein, George 122–3
Koch, Robert 26–7, 40
Kristallnacht 12
Kupfer, Abraham (Avi) 162–4, 217 n.39
Kupfer, Hannah 162
Landsteiner, Karl 47–53, 66, 194 n.19
Lauder, Estée 135
Lederberg, Josh 36
leprosy 120–21
leukaemia 37, 39, 60, 87, 109, 119
Lipscomb, William 64
liver transplants 58–9
Lives of the Cell (Thomas) 137
Ljunggren, Hans-Gustaf 125
Loke, Yung Wai (Charlie) 169–70, 172, 177, 218 n.7
Long Term Non-Progressors 92
Ly49 receptor 126–8, 210–11 n.33
lymphocytes 39
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV) 69–70
lymphoma 115
MAC 53, 56, 58, 63, see also HLA, A*02
MacLennan, Ian 209 n.7
Mak, Tak 200 n.38
McMichael, Andrew 74–5
McDevitt, Hugh 199 n.24
malaria 86, 97, 147
Mandelboim, Ofer 175–7
Marsh, Steve 184
Medawar, Charles 20–21
Medawar, Jean 15–16, 19–21, 30
Medawar, Peter
base in war-torn London 28
and BBC Radio lectures 1959 104
and Brewerton 89
and Burnet 31, 34, 37–40, 42–3, 55
details of 3–5
discoveries 137
experiments in transplantation 135
hypothetical genes/infections example 160
and immune reaction against alien tissues 47, 62
and Landsteiner’s work 49, 51
a mother’s immune system 175
paradox remains unsolved 181
and pregnancy 167–9
and Strominger’s work 65
and Terasaki’s work 58
transplantation tolerance work 7–22, 23
undisputed leader of Billingham/Brent 79
Medical Research Council 7, 20
membrane nanotubes 165
Mendel, Gregor 50–51
menstrual synchronization 138
Merck 105–6
Merwe, Anton van der 163
MHC proteins 71–3, 125–7, 146, 155–6, 158–60, 201–2 n.55
micromanipulators 36
Miller, Jacques 38–9
‘missing self’ hypothesis 125–6, 172
Mitchison, Avrion 20, 189 n.47
mitochondrial DNA 112
Moffett, Ashley 169–75, 177, 218 n.14
molecular biology 100
Mondale, Walter 45–6
‘Mrs McK’ 7–9
Murray, Joseph 43 193 n.5
myeloma 115
narcolepsy 158, 216 n.24
National Institute of Medical Research 9, 19
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 65
Nazis 12
Neanderthals 113, 185
neuronal synapses 164
Neuroscience 2011 congress 161, 216 n.30
Nigeria 86
NK Cell Workshop (Detroit 1984) 125
NK (Natural Killer) cells 120–27, 129–32, 164, 169, 171–9, 209 n.7, 211 n.40/43
receptor 126
NK-cell congress (St. Petersburg, Florida, 1992) 173
NK-cell research community 172–3
Nobel Prizes
Benacerraff/Dausett/Snell 199 n.24
candidates a closely guarded secret 197 n.4
Einstein 29
Hartwell/Hunt/Nurse 41
Hubel and Wiesel 152
Kärre becomes committee chair 117, 127, 211 n.34
Koch 27
Landsteiner 49–50
Lederburg 36, 189 n.32
Medawar and Burnet 16–17, 22, 31, 34, 37
Murray and Thomas 193 n.5
Pauling 32
Tonegawa 38
van Rood left out of 58
views of 202 n.58
Wald 152
Wiley a candidate 62
Zinkernagel and Doherty 72
North American Indians 113
Nossal, Gustav 35–8
Nurse, Paul 41
On the Origin of Species (Darwin) 35, 135
One Lambda 91
organ transplantation xiii, 52
Owen, Ray 11, 14, 16, 31
Parham, Peter 66, 198 n.16
Pasteur, Louis 25–7, 40
Paul, Bill 162, 217 n.36
Paul Ehrlich Prize 202 n.58
Pauling, Linus 32–4
Payne, Rose 53–5, 60, 68, 87, 148
penicillin 65–6
peptides 74–6, 78, 95–8, 111, 145, 164
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (Süskind) 140
Phenomenon of Man, The (Teilhard de Chardin) 17
Pink Floyd 150
Pius XII, Pope 46
placentas 168, 171–2, 176, 181, 221 n.42
population-specific vaccines 114–15
pre-eclampsia 176–9
pregnancy 167–82, 176–7, 181
progesterone hormone 173
proteins
CCR5 108–10, 207 n.24
in cells 165
compatibility genes 151, 155–6
description 63–4, 66
and the ’flu virus 64
HLA 68–9, 71–3, 75–9, 92–6, 145, 175, 199 n.24
HLA-C 169
KIR (Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors) 128–30
Ly49 receptor 126–8, 210–11 n.33
MHC 71–2, 123, 125, 129, 211 n.36
and narcolepsy 158
NK cells 123–4, 129–31
peptides 74–6, 78, 95–8, 111, 145, 164
receptor in NK cells 126
structure 78
Protestantism 46
Ragon, Terry 93
Randi, James 142, 213 n.29
receptor in NK cells 126
Reinherz, Ellis 200 n.38
Rhesus factor 194 n.29
Rhazes 190 n.2
Rimmel, Eugene 135
Rituximab 115
Robinson, Doug xiv
Roche 102
Rotarod 159–60
Sage Bionetworks 106–7
Sanderson, Arnold 198 n.18
Saper, Mark 77 201 n.52
Schadt, Eric 100–107
schizophrenia 157
Secret of Scent, The (Turin) 135, 212 n.2
Seder, Bob 162, 217 n.36
selectionist theory 33
self-marker hypothesis 29
serology 52–3
sexual attractiveness 185
Shatz, Carla 150–52, 154–6, 158–62, 214 n.1
Shelley, Mary 6
sickle cell anaemia 85–7, 147
Simpson, Liz 19–20
skin grafts 7–11, 14, 23, 31, 42, 58
smallpox 29
smell 140–49, 214 n.42
smelly T-shirt experiment (Wedekind) 140–49, 156, 183–5
Snell, George 117–18, 199 n.24
Snow, C. P. 20
Social Audit 21
Spanish Inquisition 24
Starkey, Phyllis 172, 174
Starry Messenger, The (Galileo) 76
stem cells 109–10, 115, 138
steroid hormones 161–2
stickleback fish 146–8
Strominger, Jack 62–8, 75–6, 79, 94, 164, 175, 198 n.18, 201 n.52, 202 n.58
Sturmabteilung 12
Sushruta Samhita 5–6
Süskind, Patrick 140
Swedish navy 123
T cells
and cancer 119
explanation of 40
and HLA genes 97–8
and immune cells 199 n.27
