AngloArabia, page 27
Barclays Bank and financial crisis (2008) 135–7
Barclays Capital 137–8
Bazoobanbi, S. 101, 102–4, 105–6
Bingham, Lord 176
Blair, T. (PM and government) 71, 148, 168, 172–3, 174–5
Blanton, L. 156–7
BP 67–8, 70–3, 74 Amoco merger 69
Iraq 72–3, 126
and Al Yamamah arms deal 41
see also Anglo Persian/Iranian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC)
Brexit 114, 147, 151–2
British asset ownership in GCC 125–8, 133–4
British Bank of the Middle East (BBME) 89
British economy Arab uprisings 123
arms sales 155–9
GCC trade and investment contribution 116–25
in global economy (1991–2017) 91–5
British Empire 11–12, 44–6, 84 emergence of current relationship 40–4
history and development of 13–18
long retreat: Second World War to 1971 18–31
sunset and imperialism’s survival 31–44
British military see military, British
British neoliberalism and Gulf capitalism 84–8, 108–9 Britain in global economy (1991–2017) 91–5
development of trade and investment (1945–91) 88–91
GCC economies: opportunities for British capitalism 95–107
British support for Saudi-led intervention in Yemen civil war 5, 205–12, 213–15
Brown, G. (PM and government) 65, 94, 122, 128–30, 212
Burt, A. 5, 63, 115, 120, 123–4, 199, 204
Bush, George H. W. (US president) 49–50
C
Cain, P. 22, 87
Cameron, D. (PM and government) 62–3, 80, 122, 128–9, 189–91, 194, 202–3, 204–5
Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) 118, 158, 159, 207, 210
capitalism British 112–14
and colonialism 6–10, 84
‘gentlemanly capitalism’ 22
see also British neoliberalism and Gulf capitalism; global capitalism
Carillion 123, 124
Carter, Jimmy (US president) 40, 49, 60
CENTCOM 59, 66
Centrica 79
Chilcot, J. 62
China BRICS countries and Gulf, compared 118, 126, 133
oil and gas imports 56, 57, 83
rise of 61, 113
City of London see financial/banking sector (City of London)
Clegg, N. 62–3
Clinton, B. (US president and administration) 59–60, 61
Clinton, H. 60
colonialism see British Empire; European colonialism; Ottoman Empire
Consolidated EU and National Arms Export Licensing Criteria 195–9
Cooper, N. 195
corruption and malfeasance allegations 169–77, 185, 192
Coutts, K. 92, 95
current account balances 97–101, 141–4 UK deficit 91–2 financing 92–3, 144–6
see also balance of payments, UK
Curtis, M. 9–10, 19, 38–9, 159
D
Daily Telegraph 182, 190–1
Darling A. 135–7
Defence and Security Organisation (DSO), UK 158
Department for International Trade, UK 121, 123, 158
Department of Trade, UK 150
domestic growth areas, GCC 106–7
dual logic: strategic importance of Gulf energy 58–67
Dubai International Capital 137–8
E
Ellwood, T. 207
energy supply, UK 51–3
European Central Bank (ECB) 98–9, 102, 129
European colonialism and capitalism 6–10
Western discourse on Middle East 4–7
European Union (EU): Brexit 114, 147, 151–2
Evening Standard 181
Export Credit Guarantee Department, UK 158
exports see arms sales; trade and investment
F
F&C Asset Management 173–4
Faisal, King (Saudi Arabia) 28, 31, 32
Fallon, M. 184, 211
financial/banking sector (City of London) 86–88 arms deals: corruption allegations 173–4, 185
and balance of payments 91–2
and current account deficit 93
global importance of 94, 111–12, 113
history of 22
importance of Gulf capital to 128–34, 137–9, 147–8, 152
financial/banking sector, GCC 89–90, 96
financial crisis (2008) 68, 70–1, 105, 106, 129–30 Barclays, Qatar and 135–7
Financial Times 79, 80, 123, 130, 135, 136, 137, 175, 177–9, 191–2
First World War 14–15, 16
Foreign Affairs Committees Arab uprisings 5, 63–4, 192, 199, 200–1, 203–4
arms sales and military cooperation 156, 182–3, 214
energy security 63–4
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait 49
trade and investment (1991–2017) 115, 120, 123–4, 128
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) 63–4, 160
foreign direct investment (FDI) 126–7, 153
France arms market competition 161, 162, 166, 169
capitalist power 112
colonialism 7, 9, 13
oil market competition 66, 70
Suez crisis 26
G
Galpern, S. 21
gas see under oil
geopolitical logic in respect of Gulf energy UK articulations 65–6
US articulations 60–2
Gieve, J. 100, 128, 129, 139–40
Gilmour, I. 170
global capitalism financial industry, UK 94, 111–12, 113
financial markets and GCC SWFs 102–4
and power 7–8, 18–20, 112–13
global context of Gulf energy 53–6
global economy (1991–2017), Britain in 91–5
Goldsmith, Lord 172–3
Goldthau, A. 56–7
The Guardian 80, 151, 167–8, 174, 175, 181, 196, 208
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Asia 57–8
economies: opportunities for British capitalism 95–107
founding of 42–3
investment in UK and state encouragement 146–50
UK relations: overview 1–10, 216–24
see also specific issues and countries
‘Gulf Strategy Unit’ 193
Gulf War (1991) 43–4, 49–50, 157, 165
Gulf wealth and British capitalism 110–12, 150–3 British capitalist power, key components 112–14
trade and investment (1991–2017) 115–50
H
Hadi, president of Yemen 205–6
Hague, W. 129, 190, 194
Halliday, F. 36
Hamad, king of Bahrain 190–1, 202–3
Hammond, P. 206
Hanieh, A. 29–30, 96, 97, 99, 130
Harvey, N. 199
Hendy, C. 123
hierarchical relations: colonialism and capitalism 6–10
Hollis, R. 12, 71–2, 90, 196, 205
Hopkins, A. 22, 87
Hourani, A. 23
House of Commons Joint Committees on Arms Exports Controls 196–7, 198, 209
see also Foreign Affairs Committees
House of Lords 176–7
Houthi rebels, Yemen 205–6
Howell, Lord 115, 146–7
HSBC 137–8, 149–50
human rights and political violence 157, 181–2, 188, 194–200, 201–2, 223 Yemen 207–11
Human Rights Watch 188, 196, 202, 203, 208–9
I
The Independent 168, 181–2, 207
Independent on Sunday 172
India arms exports to 164
BRICS countries and Gulf, compared 118, 126, 133
colonialism 13, 14–15, 17, 19, 20, 27, 84
energy demand 56, 61, 83
infrastructure GCC 88, 106–7, 147
Kuwait 121–2
Qatar 121
Saudi Arabia 75, 121
UAE 124
UK 147
insurance firms, UK 123
International Crisis Group 208
international investment position (IIP), UK 93
International Monetary Fund 100–1
international oil companies (IOCs), UK changes in 68–70
current health of 70–1
in Gulf 74–81
relations with British government 71–3
International Petroleum Investment Corp 135
investment and trade (1991–2017) 115–50
Iran Anglo Persian Oil Company (APOC) 14–15, 21, 24, 25
coup (1953) 24–5
Houthi rebels, Yemen 206
and Oman 36
and US 24–5, 33, 39–40
Iran–Iraq war 33, 42–3, 158
Iraq economy 117
and Kuwait 29
oil 15, 66–7
Iraq wars 1991 (Gulf War) 43–4, 49–50, 157, 165
2003 61, 62, 72–3, 178 post-invasion investment 125–6
Islamic finance 128–9
J
Jane’s Defence Weekly 169, 179
Jessop, B. 7–8
Joshi, S. 179
K
bin Kamal, Y. (Qatar) 130
Al Khalifa monarchy (Bahrain) 138, 181, 200, 201–2, 203
Khalilzad, Z. 61
King, T. 165
Kinninmont, J. 204
Kuwait arms deals 157, 165 and Arab uprisings 190
independence 28–9
investment in UK 150
Iran–Iraq war 42–3
and Iraq 29 invasion (Gulf War 1991) 43–4, 49–50, 157, 165
nationalism 35
oil 29 British IOCs in 76–7
trade and investment 121–2
Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) 102, 104, 105, 148
Kuwait Investment Board (KIB)/ (KIO) 89, 90
L
Lacey, R. 200–1
M
manufacturing, UK 86, 87, 88–9 enduring importance of 95
exports 118
May, T. (PM) 151–2, 211
Mayall, S. 5
Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region 121, 196–7
military, British 29–30, 33–4 Aden 27–8, 31
Iran–Iraq war 43
Oman 36
Suez crisis 25–7, 29, 31
see also Iraq wars; military cooperation; military training
military cooperation 177–9, 186, 191–3 post-Cold War developments 179–83
Yemen civil war 206–7, 211
military goods see arms sales
military training police and 180–2
Saudi Arabian National Guard 28, 34, 182, 199, 200
Ministry of Defence (MOD) 41, 127, 158–9, 175, 180
monarchical rule 1 fortifying 33–6, 222–4
Mossadeq, Mohammad (PM of Iran) 24–5
Munro, A. 214
Muslim Brotherhood 80, 183, 191–2
N
Al Nahyan, Sheikh (president of UAE) 191
Nasser, Gamal Abdul 25–7
national oil companies (NOCs) 48, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75
National Security Strategy, UK 62–3, 65–6
nationalism, threat of 23–31, 35–6
neoliberalism 8 see also British neoliberalism
Nonneman, G. 41
Norfield, T. 111, 112–14, 136
North Atlantic Treaty Organization 60
North Sea oil 39, 51, 52, 89
Nsouli, S. 100–1
O
The Observer 72, 170, 173
offshore wealth, GCC 138
oil crisis (1973–4) 37, 86–7, 155, 161
and gas 9–10, 47–50, 81–3, 216–8 strategic importance 50–67
UK commercial interests 67–81
post-2000 boom and current account balances 97–101
domestic growth 106–7
sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) 101–6
and sterling 20–2, 24, 26
supply routes 55–6
see also British Empire; petrodollars; specific countries
Oman arms deals 165, 190
Dhofar rebellion 28, 35–6
foreign direct investment (FDI), UK 127
military cooperation 179, 193
oil 74 British IOCs in 77
and Saudi Arabia 25
uprisings (2010–11) 188, 189
OPEC 37–8, 39, 43, 48, 55–6, 150–1
Ottoman Empire 15, 16, 29
P
Partrick, N. 205
‘Peninsula Shield’ force 181, 188
petrodollars 89–91, 97, 99, 130–1, 156, 165 crisis and opportunity, US 37–40
recycling 86–7, 100–1, 156, 217–8
Phillips, T. 5
Phythian, M. 155, 157, 158, 213–14
police and military training 180–2
political violence see human rights and political violence
Pollack, K. 59–60, 61
Portillo, M. 166, 179–80
private security firms, UK 198
Q
Qatar arms deals 157, 165, 166, 183–4, 190
Barclays and financial crisis (2008) 135–7
coup 157, 166
crisis 183–4
gas (LNG) 52, 53, 57, 77–8, 79
investments in UK 146–7, 149–50, 152 foreign direct investment (FDI) 127
oil: British IOCs in 77–9
UK export market and investment 121, 122, 123
Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) 102, 105, 130, 135, 146, 149–50
R
Rabi, U. 29
Raphael, S. 58, 193, 198
Rayner, C. 124
‘Red Line Agreement’ 18
‘Red Sea Oil and Gas’ project, Saudi Arabia 75
‘rentier state’ paradigm 95–6
Rifkind, M. 166–7
Roberts, D. 193
Rogan, E. 156
Rolls-Royce 89, 122, 123, 127
Rowthorn, R. 92, 95
Royal Dutch Shell see Shell
Royal United Services Institute 179, 182–3, 205
S
Saddam Hussein 42, 43–4, 62
Said, E. 5
Al Said, Qaboos (sultan of Oman) 35, 36, 138
St John, J. 193, 198
Al Salam arms deal, Saudi Arabia 168–9, 171–2, 175–6
Sampson, A. 20
Sassoon, Lord 115, 122–3, 146
Saud, King (Ibn Saud) 15, 16, 17, 28
Saudi Arabia arms deals 118–9, 141, 158–9, 162–4 corruption and malfeasance allegations 169–77, 185, 192
Al Salam 168–9, 171–2, 175–6
and uprisings 189, 194, 199
Al Yamamah 40–2, 127–8, 158, 162, 166–8, 171
Yemen civil war: Coalition intervention 5, 205–12, 213–15
Bahrain uprising, intervention 188, 199, 200–1
Gulf war 43–4
history 15–18
military training 28, 34, 182, 199, 200
nationalism 30
oil 17–18, 54, 55, 97 British IOCs in 74–6
crisis 38–9
and Oman 25
security logic, UK 64
trade and investment 107, 115, 121, 123 financing current account deficit 144–6
foreign direct investment (FDI) 127–8
and US 39–40 dollar 97
Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) 102, 104, 105
Saudi Arabian National Guard 28, 34, 182, 199, 200
Saudi Arabian National Guard Communications Project (SANGCOM) 159
Saudi British Offset Programme 127–8
Second World War 17–18 and post-war era 18–31, 88–91
security and intelligence services 33, 34–5, 158, 174–5
security logic in respect of Gulf energy UK articulations 62–4
US articulations 59–60
Serco 124
Serious Fraud Office (SFO), UK 136, 169, 171–7
Shell 67–8, 70, 71, 74 and Anglo Iranian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC) 21, 25
Iraq 72–3
and Al Yamamah arms deal 41
Silverfarb, D. 16
Sluglett, P. 13
sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), GCC 101–6, 128, 129, 130, 147–8
Stavrianakis, A. 195, 210
sterling crisis (1966) 31
importance of GCC 139–41, 152–3
and oil 20–2, 24, 26
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 159, 160
Stokes, D. 58
Straw, J. 62
Suez Canal 14, 15, 19–20
Suez crisis (1956) 25–7, 29, 31
T
terrorist groups, Yemen 209
Al Thani, Sheikh (Qatar) 135, 137
Thatcher, M. (PM and government) 40–1, 43, 87–8
The Times 181, 197–8
Tomkys, R. 200
trade and investment (1991–2017) 115–50
Trucial States 30–1, 32
