The Evil Hours, page 42
Murphy, Audie, [>]–[>]
Myers, Charles, [>]–[>]
mythologies, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Nash, Bill, [>], [>]
National Center for PTSD, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
National Veterans Resource Project (NVRP), [>]–[>]
National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS), [>]–[>]
natural disasters: ancient era and, [>]; anger and, [>], [>]; as Big-T trauma, [>]; haunted mind and, [>]; manmade versus, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; PTSD and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
neocortex, [>], [>], [>]
neuroscience: overview of, [>]–[>], [>]; growth experiences and, [>]; memories and, [>]–[>], [>]; PTSD and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; therapies and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; trauma and, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Niederland, W. G., [>]
nightmares, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also haunted mind; sleep patterns
9/11 events, [>], [>], [>]
Nixon, Richard M., [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Nolan, Christopher, [>]
“normals,” [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also home/war experiences
Normand, William, [>], [>]
nostalgia/nostalgie, [>]
numbness, [>], [>], [>]
O’Brien, Tim, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
obsessive sense-making, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Olmsted, Frederick Law, [>]
Outka, Paul, [>]–[>]
Owen, Wilfred, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
paranoia, [>], [>]–[>]
pattern making, [>], [>]–[>]
Pavlov, Ivan, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Paxil, [>]–[>]
penances, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also survivor’s guilt
Percy, Jen, [>]–[>]
pharmaceutical industry, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
physiology, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Pitman, Roger K., [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
politics, and trauma, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
positive changes. See growth experiences
postrape. See rape and postrape
post-traumatic growth, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): overview of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; chronic, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; “complex,” [>]–[>]; critiques and, [>], [>]; culture and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; globalization of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; as heterogeneous, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; as mental event, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; as metaphor, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; morality and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; scholarship on, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; statistics on, [>]–[>]; as symbolic experience, [>], [>]; war trauma and, [>], [>]
“post-Vietnam syndrome” (PVS), [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Vietnam War veterans
POWs, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Prazosin, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
premonitions, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Prolonged Exposure (PE), [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
propranolol, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Prozac, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
psychiatry: American Civil War and, [>]–[>], [>]; CPT and, [>]–[>]; critiques of, [>]–[>]; DSM and, [>]–[>]; PTSD and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; scientific research and, [>]–[>]; therapists and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; trauma treatments and, [>], [>]
psychodynamic therapy, [>]–[>]
psychohistory, [>], [>]
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). See post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Rachman, Stanley, [>]
Ralston, Aron, [>]
Ramis, Harold, [>]
randomness, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]
rape and postrape: alcohol use and, [>]; alternative therapies and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; Big-T trauma and, [>]; CPT and, [>], [>]; death-rebirth and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; drug therapies and, [>]; drug use and, [>]–[>]; fear response and, [>]; flashbacks and, [>]; haunted mind and, [>]–[>]; historical context and, [>]–[>], [>]; hypervigilance and, [>], [>]; liminal state and, [>], [>]; literature and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; politics of trauma and, [>]; PTSD and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; scholarship on, [>]; shame and, [>]–[>], [>]; social support and, [>]; statistics and, [>], [>], [>]; suicides and, [>]; symptoms and, [>]; therapies and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; therapists and, [>], [>]; traumatic time and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; travel and, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; women’s movement and, [>]–[>]
Remarque, Erich Maria, [>]–[>]
Resick, Patricia A., [>], [>], [>], [>]
rituals, [>]–[>]
Rivers, W. H. R., [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Robbins, Lee, [>]
Rome, and politics of trauma, [>]
Sacks, Oliver, [>], [>]
Salinger, J. D., [>], [>]
Saqliwiyah, [>]–[>], [>]
Sassoon, Siegfried, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Saydia, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
Sebold, Alice, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Seligman, Martin, [>]–[>]
Seroquel, [>]
sexual assault. See rape and postrape
shadowland, [>]–[>]
shamanic societies, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
shame, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]. See also guilt; penances
Shapiro, Francine, [>]–[>]
Shapiro, Karl, [>]
Shatan, Chaim, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Shay, Jonathan, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
shell shock, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Shephard, Ben, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Sheridan, James, [>]
Sherman, William Tecumseh, [>], [>]
Shiromani, [>]
Siberian societies, [>], [>]
silo-ing, [>]–[>]
Simpson, Joe, [>], [>]–[>]
sleep patterns, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also nightmares
small-t traumas, [>]–[>]
Smith, Jack, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
social support, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Solomon, Zahava, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Spitzer, Robert, [>]–[>]
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] See also specific SSRIs
Stampfl, Thomas, [>]
Stockdale, James, [>], [>]
Stolorow, Robert, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]
Stossel, Scott, [>], [>], [>]
Strupp, Hans, [>]
suffering: acknowledgment of, [>]; alternative therapies and, [>]; as counterproductive, [>]; drug therapies and, [>], [>]–[>]; positive change from, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; PTSD and, [>]; theology and, [>]; war trauma and, [>], [>]. See also specific trauma symptoms
suicides, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Sumer society, [>]–[>], [>]
survivor’s guilt, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Tanay, Emmanuel, [>]
Tarantino, Quentin, [>]
technology transformations, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tedeschi, Richard, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Tennen, Howard, [>]
theologies, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
therapies: anger and, [>]–[>]; consumer ratings of, [>]–[>]; electroshock therapy and, [>], [>]–[>]; expectancy effect, [>], [>]–[>]; lobotomy and, [>], [>]; rape survivors, [>]; trauma survivors and, [>]. See also drug therapies; Veterans Administration (VA) and therapies
therapists, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Thompson, Hunter S., [>], [>]
time: PTSD as disease of, [>], [>], [>]; traumatic, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tolle, Eckhart, [>]
torture, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; “Hanoi Hilton” prisoner-of-war camp and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; PTSD and, [>]; social support and, [>]–[>]; transformations and, [>]
trauma/s: overview of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; ancient era and, [>]–[>], [>]; before/after event and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; biological model of behavior and, [>], [>]–[>]; as brain event, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; dissociation and, [>]–[>], [>]; dose-response curve and, [>], [>], [>]; fragmentation and, [>]; franchise effect and, [>]; gendering of, [>]–[>]; genocides and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; as heterogeneous, [>]; identities of survivors of, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; laws of matter and, [>]; literature and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; as metaphor, [>]–[>], [>]; morality and, [>]; neuroscience and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; physical position and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; quantification of, [>], [>]; scholarship on, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; small-t, [>]–[>]; social support and, [>]–[>], [>]; statistics on, [>], [>]; as symbolic experience, [>], [>]; temporal disorientation and, [>]–[>]; torture and, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; vocabulary of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]. See also Big-T traumas; historical context, for trauma; and specific types of trauma
travel, as transformative, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
tsunami in 2004, Sri Lanka, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
uncanny events, [>], [>]. See also haunted mind
unconscious, [>], [>]
U.S. Air Force, [>], [>]
U.S. Army, [>], [>], [>], [>]
U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. See Veterans Administration (VA) and therapies
U.S. Marine Corps, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
U.S. Navy, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Urgo, Joe, [>]
Vance, Todd, [>]
Van der Kolk, Bessel, [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Van Gennep, Arnold, [>]–[>], [>]
Van Gogh, Vincent, [>]
Van Winkle, Clint, [>]
Veterans Administration (VA) and therapies, [>]; overview and history of, [>]–[>], [>]; anger and, [>]–[>], [>]; CAPS and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; dropouts and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; drug therapies and, [>]–[>], [>]; EMDR and, [>]; ESTs and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; fear response and, [>]–[>]; group therapy and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; growth experience and, [>]; hospitals and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; imaginals and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; “in vivos” and, [>], [>]; lobotomy and, [>], [>]; mass-produced therapies and, [>], [>]; morality and, [>], [>], [>]; National Center for PTSD and, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; nightmares and, [>]–[>]; politics and, [>]; psychodynamic therapy and, [>]–[>]; PTSD and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; rap groups and, [>]; rituals and, [>]; Saqliwiyah event and, [>]–[>], [>]; scientific research and, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; SSRIs and, [>]; statistics and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; Vet Centers and, [>]; veterans’ conference and, [>]–[>]; war trauma and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; Zoloft/individual psychotherapy and, [>]–[>]. See also Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT); flooding therapy; Prolonged Exposure (PE)
Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), [>]
Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), [>], [>]; overview of, [>]–[>]; biological model for PTSD and, [>]; COINTELPRO and, [>]–[>]; consciousness raising group model and, [>]–[>]; opposition to, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; politics and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; PTSD as disorder and, [>], [>], [>]–[>]; rap groups and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; war neurosis statistics and, [>]–[>]. See also Vietnam War veterans
Vietnam War veterans: overview of, [>]; aftereffects of, [>], [>], [>], [>]; anger and, [>], [>]–[>]; antiwar protests and, [>], [>], [>]; criminal violence and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; “culture of trauma” and, [>]–[>], [>]; dissociation and, [>]–[>]; dreams and, [>]; drug therapies and, [>]; emotions of, [>]; flooding therapy and, [>]; friendly fire and, [>]; growth experiences, [>]; guilt over killing and, [>]–[>]; hallucinations and, [>], [>]; “Hanoi Hilton” and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; home/war experiences and, [>], [>]; identity crisis and, [>]; liminal state and, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; literature and, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; masculinity and, [>]–[>]; mental health professionals, [>], [>]; morality and, [>]; nightmares and, [>]–[>]; politics and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; POWs and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; PTSD and, [>], [>]; PVS and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; shame and, [>]–[>], [>]; sleep patterns and, [>]; suffering and, [>]; suicides and, [>], [>]; survivor’s guilt and, [>]–[>]; symptoms of trauma and, [>]–[>]; torture and, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; trauma statistics and, [>], [>], [>]; veterans’ conference and, [>]–[>]; veterans movement and, [>]–[>]; war neurosis and, [>]–[>]; war trauma statistics and, [>]–[>], [>]; willful ignorance and, [>]–[>], [>]; women’s postwar role and, [>]. See also Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)
Vincent, Clovis, [>]
violence: culture and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; postwar, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
visitations, supernatural, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
visual arts, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]. See also films
Vonnegut, Kurt, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Wampold, B. E., [>]
war neurosis, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]
wars, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]. See also specific wars
wildfires, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
willful ignorance, [>]–[>], [>]
Wilson, Timothy, [>]
Winter, Jay, [>], [>], [>]
women, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]
Woods, Elliot, [>]
World War I veterans: overview of, [>]; anger and, [>]; antiwar protests and, [>]–[>]; compulsive repetitions by, [>], [>], [>], [>]; death-rebirth and, [>], [>]; desertion and, [>]; dreams of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; electroshock and, [>], [>]–[>]; home/war experiences for, [>]; hysteria diagnosis and, [>]–[>]; immobility and, [>], [>], [>]; just-world theory and, [>]; liminal state and, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; literature and, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; masculinity and, [>], [>], [>]; memories and, [>]; morality and, [>]; nightmares and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; physical or spatial position and, [>], [>]; psychology and, [>]–[>]; psychosis and, [>]–[>], [>]; shadowland and, [>]–[>]; shame and, [>], [>]; shell shock and, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; small-t traumas and, [>]–[>]; technology transformations and, [>], [>], [>]; temporal disorientation and, [>], [>]; trauma statistics and, [>]–[>]; traumatic time and, [>]; trench system and, [>]–[>], [>]; war neurosis and, [>]–[>], [>], [>]
World War II veterans: antiwar protests and, [>], [>]; chronic PTSD and, [>]–[>]; compulsive repetitions by, [>]; concentration camp survivors of, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; cultural paradox and, [>]–[>]; Great Depression and, [>], [>], [>], [>]; flooding therapy and, [>]; government policy and, [>]–[>]; identity crisis and, [>]–[>]; literature and, [>], [>]; nightmares and, [>]; POWs and, [>], [>]–[>]; psychology and, [>]–[>]; PTSD and, [>]; rap groups and, [>]; silence of, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; sink-or-swim policy and, [>]–[>]; sleep patterns and, [>]; statistics for trauma and, [>]; survivor’s guilt and, [>]–[>]; traumatic time and, [>]–[>]; visual arts and, [>], [>]; war neurosis and, [>]–[>], [>]
writing therapy, [>]–[>]
Yehuda, Rachel, [>], [>], [>]
yoga, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>]
Young, Allan, [>], [>], [>]
Zoloft, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]
About the Author
DAVID J. MORRIS is a former Marine infantry officer and war correspondent. His work has appeared in The New Yorker, Slate, Daily Beast, and Best American Nonrequired Reading. In 2008, he was awarded a creative writing fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts.
Footnotes
* Later, I would learn that I wasn’t the only one changed by Dora. In his 2010 book Lethal Warriors: When the New Band of Brothers Came Home, journalist David Phillips describes how Dora veterans suffered a PTSD rate more than three times higher than that of a similar army battalion deployed to a different part of Iraq.
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* I’m simplifying here. The human fear response implicates many other parts of the brain, but this is the gist of what researchers have found.
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* As the classical scholar and Jesuit priest Walter J. Ong put it, “Technologies are not mere exterior aids but also interior transformations of consciousness.”
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* As Immanuel Kant famously put it in his philosophy of morals and mind, “We can never, even by the strictest examination, get completely behind the secret springs of action.”
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* Some research has suggested that these survivors’ success in the face of trauma is related to the abundance of a brain chemical known as neuropeptide Y, though the cause-and-effect relationship remains unclear: does neuropeptide Y lead to resilience or do resilient people simply have more of it?
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David J. Morris, The Evil Hours
