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INDEX
Note: page numbers in italics refer to images.
Aaroni, Abraham, 190
Abramovitsh, Gershon, 97, 142
Abramowicz, Dina, 37, 44–45, 249, 254
Abramowicz, S. J., 153
Ajzen, Avraham, 163, 172
Amarant, Shmuel, 148, 163, 171, 173
American Jewish Committee, 195, 221, 222, 223
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 192–93, 225, 234
Amsterdam: Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana, 195; books looted from, 63; Rabbiner Seminar in, 190
Anolik, Nisan, 160
An-ski Museum, 29–30, 31, 59, 99–100, 102, 196, 204, 206
As, Brayne, 72
Association of Ghetto Writers and Artists, 34, 43, 113
Ausband, Isaac, 179
Banaitis, Juozas, 141, 150, 151
Baron, Salo, 221
Bartholdy, Wolf Latsky, 22
Bauer, Yehuda, 160
Beilis, Shloime, 173–74, 179, 182–83, 217
Bergelson, Dovid, 233
Bericha, 183, 200–201, 203, 209, 211–12
Berlin: Allied postwar headquarters in, 190; as ERR headquarters, 105, 107, 108; ERR shipments of books to, 73–74, 114; Gotthard and, 29; Kalmanovitch’s study in, 69, 110; Karaites and, 106–7; Muller’s return to, 59; Pohl and, 28, 239; Pohl’s reports to, 62–63, 70; Schaefer’s academic career in, 68, 110; Sporket’s prewar life in, 68; YIVO and, 20
Bernshtein, Meir, 169
Bernstein, Leon, 65, 140, 172
Bialystok, Poland, 11, 39, 172
Big, Asya, 124–25
Book Chamber of the Lithuanian SSR, YIVO documents in, 244–48; efforts to catalog (1980s), 252; loan to YIVO, 253–54; YIVO discovery of, 249–51; YIVO negotiations to acquire, 252–53
Borenshtein, Mendl, 96, 99, 140
Boruta, Kazys, 86
Bramson, Esfir, 251
Brause, Moshe, 98–99
Budreika, Z. S., 236–37
Cahan, Abraham, 93
Choral Synagogue, 149, 156, 179–80, 235
Chwoinik, Abrasha, 98, 100
Clay, Lucius, 189–90, 223, 224
collaborators, punishment of, 147–48
Dos Naye Lebn (New Life) [newspaper], 210
Dubnow, Simon, 165, 167
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 131, 138, 146, 161, 174, 231
Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR): arrival of Sporket team, 68; destruction of books and artifacts by, 69–73, 71–72, 74, 114; initial looting by, 27–31; Jews selected to assist, 1, 55–56; and Judenforschung, 27–28, 29, 102–10; lack of punishment for, 238–40; leaders of, 55; need for Jewish assistance, 61–62; need for long-term Vilna operation, 31–32; number of books seized by, 62–63; portrayal as rescue mission, 56, 67; reluctance to finish work, 77; return to Vilna, 55, 56; shipments to Germany, 56, 62, 71, 73–74, 114; Sutzkever’s Nuremberg testimony and, 198–99; Vilna headquarters of, 55; work of, as high priority, 30, 31–32. See also Gotthard, Herbert; Paper Brigade; Pohl, Johannes; Sporket, Albert
Elijah of Vilna (Rabbi), 16–17, 22, 52, 53–54, 85, 102
Elkin, Mendl, 167
Epshtein, Gershon, 213–15
ERR. See Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg
Etinger, Yakov, 200
Eynikayt (Unity) [newspaper], 152, 162, 232, 233
Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO). See United Partisan Organization
Feffer, Itzik, 182, 233
Feinshtein, Daniel, 47–48, 65, 72, 77–78, 79, 140
FPO. See United Partisan Organization
Frankfurt, Germany: books looted from, 63; ERR shipments of books to, 114; Pohl’s postwar life and, 239; US military headquarters in, 190. See also Institute for Investigation of the Jewish Question (Frankfurt); Rothschild Library (Frankfurt)
Fried, Anatol, 36, 72–73
Gens, Jacob, 72–73, 111, 113, 121, 123
Gershater, Akiva, 65, 72, 106, 140, 217
Geto yediyes (Ghetto News) [newspaper], 146, 167, 172
Ghetto library, xvii; auxiliary institutions, 50–51; branch libraries, 47; collection of books and artifacts by, 48–50; creation of, 36, 37; deterioration of books in, 47; efforts to protect cultural heritage, 49, 50, 51; hiding of books in, 58–59, 73, 86, 140; Jewish artifacts displayed in, 42; nickname of, 51; as oasis of normalcy, 42, 44, 46; patrons, types of, 44–45, 46; popularity of, 37, 42, 47; and reading as psychological relief, 42, 45, 47–48; reading room in, 42, 46; research for ERR, 105–6; and respect for books, 46–47; size of collection, 42; staff of, 37–38, 48; types of books read, 45–46. See also Kruk, Herman, as director of Ghetto library
Gintsburg, Ilya, 85, 204–6
Glants-Leyeles, Aaron, 210
Glazman, Joseph, 118
Goldschmidt, Abraham E., 29–30, 30–31, 216
Gordon, Jacob, 65, 72, 81, 106, 140
Gotthard, Herbert: background of, 68; brutality of, 69; and looting of Vilna, 29, 68; postwar life of, 215–16, 239–40; studies produced with Jewish labor, 105–10; and YIVO exhibition on Jews and Bolsheviks, 102
Grade, Chaim, 8–9, 181, 182, 210, 211, 242–43
Great Synagogue (Shtotshul), xvii, 15–16, 30, 31, 36, 49–50, 156, 180, 215, 236–37
Grichanski, Chana, 169
Gustman, Yisroel (Rabbi), 156, 179
Gutkowicz, Yankl: career after Jewish Museum, 235; as director of Jewish Museum, 178, 223–24, 231–32, 235; Kaczerginski’s removal of museum artifacts and, 179, 181–82, 217–18
Gzmilewska, Wiktoria, 39, 78, 86
Haifa, 171, 220
Heller, Moshe, 37, 105, 109
Herzl, Hans, 90–91
Herzl, Theodor, diary of, 86, 90–93, 159, 172, 181, 182, 218
Heymland (Homeland) [periodical], 162
hiding of smuggled books: with Christian sympathizers, 86, 110; FPO help with, 96–97; in Ghetto library, 58–59, 73, 86, 140; inside YIVO building, 87, 112; in sites around Vilna, 73, 86
Himpel, Alexander, 55, 61
Historical Commission, 26
Hohe Schule, Nazi plans for, 31–32
Horne, Joseph, 226
Hungen, Germany, cache of looted books in, 191
Idelson, Mark, 169
I. G. Farben chemical company, 193
Institute for Investigation of the Jewish Question (Frankfurt), 29, 61–63, 69–70, 74, 170, 189–91; return of YIVO books from, 189–97, 221–27
Ioffe, Abraham Nisan (Rabbi), 105, 109, 140
Israel, founding of, 232–37, 245–48, 251
Israel, Land of, Jewish migration to, 171, 208, 209, 219–20
Jaffe, Dina (Nadezhda), 65, 72, 140
Jaffe, Shmuel, 183
Jankauskas, Julian, 78, 97–99, 100, 101, 116
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (Moscow), 130, 131, 152, 157, 161, 162, 175–76, 200, 233, 235
Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy, Nazi fear of, 29, 57, 62, 109
Jewish ERR work group. See Paper Brigade
Jewish Museum, Vilnius: brief thriving of, 231–32; donations to, 151; as dropoff for undeliverable Jewish mail, 145; efforts to recover stolen artifacts, 223–24; establishment of, 141–42; funding issues at, 151–52, 157, 163, 176; government authorization of, 162–63; grassroots support for, 146; inability to protect recovered materials, 174; location of, 143–44, 149–50, 174; as location of majority of rescued artifacts, 231; mission of, 163; portions of collection sent to Book Chamber, 235, 245, 249; recruitment of collectors for, 145–46; retrieval of cached books, 142–43; revival of (1989), 250; search for appropriate building, 149; search for Soviet sponsor of, 141, 150–51; search for surviving documents and objects, 146–47, 148, 152, 159–60, 175–76; Soviet Commission status given to, 151; Soviet opposition to, 159, 160–63; Soviet shutdown of, 234–35; special focus on documenting Nazi crimes, 141–42, 147–49, 199; staff members’ flight from Soviet sphere, 171–72; staff of, 146; support of Soviet Jews for, 152; and survivor testimony, recording of, 141, 148–49; Torah scrolls, ritual burial of, 179–81
Jewish school, Vilnius, 156–57, 161, 162, 176, 182, 235
Jewish Workers Bund, 8, 18, 19, 33, 94
Judenforschung, 27–28, 29, 102–10, 170
Judenrat, xvii, 34–35, 36–37, 43, 48, 49, 50, 62, 67, 149–50
Kaczerginski, Jacob, 7, 12
Kaczerginski, Shmerke, xiii; Aba Kovner and, 172; appearance of, 7, 9; Beilis and, 173–74; in Bialystok, 11, 39; biography of, xiii, 7–12, 21, 243; charisma of, 8, 9, 10; collection of ghetto songs, 158; as Communist, 2, 9–10, 11, 159, 208, 220, 241; death of, 242–43; on death of Vitenberg, 111; diary of, 142; efforts to enter Palestine, 209, 220; efforts to enter US, 207, 219, 220, 241; flight from Ghetto, 38–39; flight to Poland, 176–79, 182–83, 207–11; and FPO fighters’ flight to forest, 116; and Gotthard, capture of, 216; in hiding as deaf-mute, 39–40, 63; and Jewish orphans, 156; on Jewish partisans, 120; Kalmanovitch and, 68; Krinsky and, 1, 65, 66, 79–80, 185, 186–88, 241, 256; later life of, 241–42; loss of faith in Soviet Communism, 132, 176–77; love of books, 12, 18; marriage to Kaufman, 11–12, 38–39; memoir by, 218; in Paris, 213–14, 217–18, 219, 220, 233; as partisan fighter, 116–20, 132–33, 137, 140; as poet-songwriter, 3, 8, 63–64, 80, 111, 120, 208; and Polish antisemitism, 210; Prylucki and, 25; and resistance to Ghetto liquidation, 115; smuggling of artifacts out of Soviet Sphere, 177, 179, 181–82, 183, 207, 214, 217–18; and Soviet occupation of Vilna, 11–12; Sutzkever and, 11, 63–64, 139; work for FPO, 96, 97–101; and Zionism, turn to, 208
Kaczerginski, and Jewish Museum: closing of, 236; effort to save documents from trash, 175–76; establishment of, 141, 142, 145, 151; inability to protect recovered materials, 174; Kovner’s theft from Jewish Museum and, 172–73; Lithuanian authorization of, 163; problems faced by, 163; resentment of Kovner’s leadership, 159; resignation as director, 178; site for, 150; Soviet opposition and, 150–51, 160–61, 174–75; staff flight from, 173–74
Kaczerginski, and Paper Brigade, 1–2, 63, 72; on ERR reluctance to finish work, 77; final tasks of, 112, 114; lunch break activities, 77, 79; smuggling by, 2–3, 7, 84, 85, 86, 87, 112, 153, 204, 205
Kaczerginski, in postwar Vilna: apartment of, 138, 143–44, 145; loneliness of, 158; and memories of dead friends, 145; and retrieval of hidden works, 137–38, 139, 140–41, 142; return to Ghetto, 63; reunions with friends, 139; and search for surviving documents and objects, 146–47, 148, 159–60; and Soviet resistance to Jewish culture, 157–58. See also Jewish Museum, Vilnius
Kalmanovitch, Zelig, xiii; address to Ghetto Writers Association, 113; biography of, xiii, 38; death of, 122–23, 140; debate with Szapszal, 108; diary of, 69, 73, 105, 106, 108–9, 114, 214, 218; at Ghetto library, 37–38, 48, 49; Lerer and, 79, 121–22; and murder of Ghetto elderly, 81; in Narva, 121–22; and New York YIVO, as source of hope, 89; politics of, 37–38; Schildkret and, 225; on Sporket, 69; Szapszal and, 107; YIVO bleter eulogy for, 168–69; YIVO staff’s concern about, 165–66
