What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response, page 20
O
Occident, 26
occupations (professional), 48–50
ocean route, 14–15
d’Ohsson, Mouradgea, 27
Orient, 26
Orientalists, 26
Ottoman Empire, 15, 23, 86, 102
collapse of, 33, 61
Russian intervention in, 21
and Treaty of Carlowitz, 18
Ottomans, 8–12, 14, 16–17
P
Palestine, 154
parliament, 55, 58–60, 100, 129, 148
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 20
patriarch, 102
patriotism, 47–48, 71, 106
persecution, religious, 97–98, 101, 104, 114
Persia, 6, 8–12, 95, 97, 142. See also Iran
perspective, 128
Peter (the Great), Czar of Russia, 17
philosophy, 46, 139–140
photography, 138
Poland, 16
political science, 54
politics, 47, 97, 129
polygamy, 66, 71
polyphony, 128–129
polytheists, 114
portraiture, 138
Portugual, 14, 31
positivism, 78
postage stamps, 138
power, 34, 46–49, 55–56, 63, 83
balance of, 20
and communication, 45, 50–54
and constitutional government, 57–62
imperial, 109
of the state, 98, 103, 116
powers, Christian, 11
powers, Islamic, 31
prayer, 121–122
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 141
printing press, 28, 45, 50–53, 140–144
privilege, 82–83, 93
Promised Land, 101
propaganda, 20, 42, 51, 55
property, 39, 72
prosperity. See wealth
Pruth, Treaty of the (1711), 20
public opinion, 73
public transport, 130
Q
Qā’it Bay, 137
Qāsim Amīn, 71
Qur’ān, 55, 71, 113, 121, 131
and the printing press, 142
Qurrat al-‘Ayn, 94–95
R
Radzin, Treaty of (1681), 16
railway, 130
Ratib Efendi, Ebu Bekir, 27
realism, 138
Reformation, the, 7
reformers, 156–157
Reform Edict of 1839, Ottoman, 56
reform(s), 29, 31, 40, 85, 151
clothing, 73–76, 138–139
and equality, 48, 90–92
and music, 133–137
secularizing, 106
Westernizing, 43
refugees, 19, 28–31, 33, 48
political, 44, 60
religion, 34, 36, 85. See also persecution, religious
religious organization, 112
Rescript of the Rose Bower (1839), Ottoman, 91
research, 129
ReÕid Pasha, Mustafa, 56
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 146
Rome, 97, 98
Royal Navy, 31, 33
Russia, 4–6, 8, 15, 16, 17
and defeat of Ottomans, 21
and the Treaty of the Pruth, 20
and war with Turkey, 33, 34. See also Soviet Union
Russian Empire, 62
Russo-Japanese War (1905), 60
S
Sadik Rifat Pasha, 57, 76–78
Safavi, Isma‘il, 8–9
Şanizade (Ottoman historian), 56
scapegoats, 23. See also blame
schism, 103
School of Engineering and Artillery, 143
schools. See education
universities science, 6–7, 45, 46, 57, 66
and education, 76
Islamic contributions to, 78–81
and research, 129
and secularism, 104
secularism, 106–112, 116, 157
and Christianity, 96–99
and difference of belief, 100–105
and tolerance, 113–115
self-determination, 115
Selim I, Ottoman sultan, 9
Selim II, Ottoman sultan, 11
Selim III, Ottoman sultan, 28, 31, 40, 42–43
Servetus, Michael, 79
sharī‘a (Holy Law), 53, 86, 100, 106
constitutional status of, 108
Sherley, Anthony and Robert, 12
Shī‘a, 100
Shi‘ism, 8
shoes, 138–139
Sılıhdar, 16
Sitvatorok, Treaty of (1606), 12
Slade, Aldophus, 133
slavery, 11–12, 26, 54, 69
abolition of, 71, 85–87, 92
slaves, 67–69, 83, 84
black, 85, 88, 93
socialism, 62, 158
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, 11
sovereignty, national, 48, 61
Soviet Union, 62. See also Russia
space, measurements of, 117, 119–120, 127
spice trade, 13, 14
sports, 147–148
state, 99, 101, 103, 111, 116
status, 84
students, 56
Sublime Porte, 143
sugar, 50
Süleyman, Ottoman sultan, 11, 14, 123
sundial, 123
Sunnis, 100
supremacy, 84, 93
synagogue, 98
syphilis, 7, 39
T
Tāj es-Saltana, 95
Taqī al-Dīn, 80, 123–124
Tasvir-i Efkār (newspaper), 70
Tatars, 4–6, 8
taxation, 91, 126–127
teacher(s), 53, 54, 99
technology, 125, 142–144
telegraph, 51–52
Télémaque (Fénélon), 146
telescopes, 127
theater, 129, 141–142, 149
theocracy, 97, 113–114
Thirty Years War, 16, 52
time, 117–118, 120–126
and modernization, 129–132
and music, 127–129
tolerance, 33–34, 36, 113–115, 154
Tott, Baron de, 29
translation, 39, 42, 50, 56, 113
and cultural change, 139–140, 145–147, 149
Translation Office, 45
travel, 25–29, 35–39, 48, 120, 122
Treaty of Bucharest (1812), 33
Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), 17, 18–19, 23, 29
Treaty of Gulistan (1813), 34
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), 21, 23
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 20
Treaty of Radzin (1681), 16
Treaty of Sitvatorok (1606), 12
Treaty of the Pruth (1711), 20
Treaty of Turkmanchay (1828), 34
Trinity, Holy, 67
Tunis, 57, 88
Turkey, 12, 20–21, 33, 48
and alliance with England, 22
and cultural change, 141–142, 149
Turkish republic, 72, 106, 108
Turkmanchay, Treaty of (1828), 34
Turks, 6, 16, 35–36, 104–105
U
Ukraine, 16
ulema (doctors of Holy Law), 21, 43, 53, 92, 102
unbelievers, 67–69, 83, 84, 114. See also infidels
uniforms, 75, 138. See also reform(s)
United States, 153
universities, 42, 53, 147
V
Vahid Efendi, 67
Vasif Efendi, 27, 66
vehicles, 157–158
Venice, Republic of, 13, 16, 20, 35
Vienna, 6, 8, 11, 16–17
Muslim ambassador to, 27
Voltaire, 124, 141
W
Al-Wansharīsī, 36
waqf (pious endowment), 110–111
warfare, 12–13, 29–34, 44, 64, 72
and diplomacy, 18–19, 26–28
and modernization, 20–25
war(s), 31, 35, 99, 103–104
wazir, 110
wealth, 35, 45–47, 57, 83, 151
weaponry, 12–14, 19
Christian, 20
weights and measures, 118–120
Westerners, 12–13
Westernization, 40, 62, 73, 75–76, 138
and music, 135–137, 149
Western trading company, 15–16
women, 65, 66–67, 75–76, 84, 157
and charity, 111
emancipation of, 94–95
rights of, 69–73, 83
Y
Young Ottomans, 58, 70
Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
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Occident, 26
occupations (professional), 48–50
ocean route, 14–15
d’Ohsson, Mouradgea, 27
Orient, 26
Orientalists, 26
Ottoman Empire, 15, 23, 86, 102
collapse of, 33, 61
Russian intervention in, 21
and Treaty of Carlowitz, 18
Ottomans, 8–12, 14, 16–17
P
Palestine, 154
parliament, 55, 58–60, 100, 129, 148
Passarowitz, Treaty of (1718), 20
patriarch, 102
patriotism, 47–48, 71, 106
persecution, religious, 97–98, 101, 104, 114
Persia, 6, 8–12, 95, 97, 142. See also Iran
perspective, 128
Peter (the Great), Czar of Russia, 17
philosophy, 46, 139–140
photography, 138
Poland, 16
political science, 54
politics, 47, 97, 129
polygamy, 66, 71
polyphony, 128–129
polytheists, 114
portraiture, 138
Portugual, 14, 31
positivism, 78
postage stamps, 138
power, 34, 46–49, 55–56, 63, 83
balance of, 20
and communication, 45, 50–54
and constitutional government, 57–62
imperial, 109
of the state, 98, 103, 116
powers, Christian, 11
powers, Islamic, 31
prayer, 121–122
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 141
printing press, 28, 45, 50–53, 140–144
privilege, 82–83, 93
Promised Land, 101
propaganda, 20, 42, 51, 55
property, 39, 72
prosperity. See wealth
Pruth, Treaty of the (1711), 20
public opinion, 73
public transport, 130
Q
Qā’it Bay, 137
Qāsim Amīn, 71
Qur’ān, 55, 71, 113, 121, 131
and the printing press, 142
Qurrat al-‘Ayn, 94–95
R
Radzin, Treaty of (1681), 16
railway, 130
Ratib Efendi, Ebu Bekir, 27
realism, 138
Reformation, the, 7
reformers, 156–157
Reform Edict of 1839, Ottoman, 56
reform(s), 29, 31, 40, 85, 151
clothing, 73–76, 138–139
and equality, 48, 90–92
and music, 133–137
secularizing, 106
Westernizing, 43
refugees, 19, 28–31, 33, 48
political, 44, 60
religion, 34, 36, 85. See also persecution, religious
religious organization, 112
Rescript of the Rose Bower (1839), Ottoman, 91
research, 129
ReÕid Pasha, Mustafa, 56
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 146
Rome, 97, 98
Royal Navy, 31, 33
Russia, 4–6, 8, 15, 16, 17
and defeat of Ottomans, 21
and the Treaty of the Pruth, 20
and war with Turkey, 33, 34. See also Soviet Union
Russian Empire, 62
Russo-Japanese War (1905), 60
S
Sadik Rifat Pasha, 57, 76–78
Safavi, Isma‘il, 8–9
Şanizade (Ottoman historian), 56
scapegoats, 23. See also blame
schism, 103
School of Engineering and Artillery, 143
schools. See education
universities science, 6–7, 45, 46, 57, 66
and education, 76
Islamic contributions to, 78–81
and research, 129
and secularism, 104
secularism, 106–112, 116, 157
and Christianity, 96–99
and difference of belief, 100–105
and tolerance, 113–115
self-determination, 115
Selim I, Ottoman sultan, 9
Selim II, Ottoman sultan, 11
Selim III, Ottoman sultan, 28, 31, 40, 42–43
Servetus, Michael, 79
sharī‘a (Holy Law), 53, 86, 100, 106
constitutional status of, 108
Sherley, Anthony and Robert, 12
Shī‘a, 100
Shi‘ism, 8
shoes, 138–139
Sılıhdar, 16
Sitvatorok, Treaty of (1606), 12
Slade, Aldophus, 133
slavery, 11–12, 26, 54, 69
abolition of, 71, 85–87, 92
slaves, 67–69, 83, 84
black, 85, 88, 93
socialism, 62, 158
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, 11
sovereignty, national, 48, 61
Soviet Union, 62. See also Russia
space, measurements of, 117, 119–120, 127
spice trade, 13, 14
sports, 147–148
state, 99, 101, 103, 111, 116
status, 84
students, 56
Sublime Porte, 143
sugar, 50
Süleyman, Ottoman sultan, 11, 14, 123
sundial, 123
Sunnis, 100
supremacy, 84, 93
synagogue, 98
syphilis, 7, 39
T
Tāj es-Saltana, 95
Taqī al-Dīn, 80, 123–124
Tasvir-i Efkār (newspaper), 70
Tatars, 4–6, 8
taxation, 91, 126–127
teacher(s), 53, 54, 99
technology, 125, 142–144
telegraph, 51–52
Télémaque (Fénélon), 146
telescopes, 127
theater, 129, 141–142, 149
theocracy, 97, 113–114
Thirty Years War, 16, 52
time, 117–118, 120–126
and modernization, 129–132
and music, 127–129
tolerance, 33–34, 36, 113–115, 154
Tott, Baron de, 29
translation, 39, 42, 50, 56, 113
and cultural change, 139–140, 145–147, 149
Translation Office, 45
travel, 25–29, 35–39, 48, 120, 122
Treaty of Bucharest (1812), 33
Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), 17, 18–19, 23, 29
Treaty of Gulistan (1813), 34
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), 21, 23
Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), 20
Treaty of Radzin (1681), 16
Treaty of Sitvatorok (1606), 12
Treaty of the Pruth (1711), 20
Treaty of Turkmanchay (1828), 34
Trinity, Holy, 67
Tunis, 57, 88
Turkey, 12, 20–21, 33, 48
and alliance with England, 22
and cultural change, 141–142, 149
Turkish republic, 72, 106, 108
Turkmanchay, Treaty of (1828), 34
Turks, 6, 16, 35–36, 104–105
U
Ukraine, 16
ulema (doctors of Holy Law), 21, 43, 53, 92, 102
unbelievers, 67–69, 83, 84, 114. See also infidels
uniforms, 75, 138. See also reform(s)
United States, 153
universities, 42, 53, 147
V
Vahid Efendi, 67
Vasif Efendi, 27, 66
vehicles, 157–158
Venice, Republic of, 13, 16, 20, 35
Vienna, 6, 8, 11, 16–17
Muslim ambassador to, 27
Voltaire, 124, 141
W
Al-Wansharīsī, 36
waqf (pious endowment), 110–111
warfare, 12–13, 29–34, 44, 64, 72
and diplomacy, 18–19, 26–28
and modernization, 20–25
war(s), 31, 35, 99, 103–104
wazir, 110
wealth, 35, 45–47, 57, 83, 151
weaponry, 12–14, 19
Christian, 20
weights and measures, 118–120
Westerners, 12–13
Westernization, 40, 62, 73, 75–76, 138
and music, 135–137, 149
Western trading company, 15–16
women, 65, 66–67, 75–76, 84, 157
and charity, 111
emancipation of, 94–95
rights of, 69–73, 83
Y
Young Ottomans, 58, 70
Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong?: Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
