Newton's Football, page 25
6 the story of Al Lucas Mark Maske, “Arena Player’s Death Followed a Seemingly Normal Collision,” Washington Post, April 12, 2005.
7 “but he was so gentle” Andrew Dalton, “Arena Football Player Dies of Presumed Spinal Cord Injury,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 11, 2005.
8 designer suits and Stacy Adams shoes “Remembering Big Luke,” Associated Press, August 28, 2005.
9 “Al Lucas was” Bobby Hosea interview.
CHAPTER 17: WHY WOODPECKERS DON’T GET CONCUSSIONS
1 12,000 pecks per day Lizhen Wang et al., “Why Do Woodpeckers Resist Head Impact Injury: A Biomechanical Investigation,” PLOS One 6, no. 10 (2011).
2 “small brain makes a big difference” Lorna Gibson, phone interview by the authors, December 13, 2012.
3 more like 100 milliseconds Gay, Physics of Football.
4 “killed three of your players” William Simpson, phone interview by the authors, February 13, 2013.
5 “intellectual life of the whole of Western” C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
6 “engineers create new things” Chuck Vest, phone interview by the authors, March 20, 2013.
7 “Look at The Big Bang Theory” Norman Fortenberry, phone interview by the authors, February 21, 2013.
8 “metabolic crisis going on” Robert Cantu interview.
9 “common lipid transport gene” Robert Stern, phone interview by the authors, January 1, 2013.
10 “Does a hit of 100 G equal” E. Deibert and R. Kryscio, “How Many HITS Are Too Many? The Use of Accelerometers to Study Sports-Related Concussion,” Neurology 78, no. 22 (2012): 1712–1713.
11 CTE was found in thirty-four Robert Cantu interview.
12 This kind of basic research B. D. Jordan, “Clinical Spectrum.”
13 presence of tau protein K. Kutner et al., “Lower Cognitive Performance of Older Football Players Possessing Apolipoprotein E [epsilon] 4,” Neurosurgery 47, no. 3 (2000): 651.
14 other with tremendous force Andrew Kitchener, “An Analysis of the Forces of Fighting of the Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and the Mechanical Design of the Horn of Bovids,” Journal of Zoology 214, no. 1 (1988): 1–20.
15 made of a porous bone Parimal Maity and Srinivasan Arjun Tekalur, “Biomechanical Analysis of Ramming Behavior in Ovis Canadensis,” In Time Dependent Constitutive Behavior and Fracture/Failure Processes, Volume 3, ed. Tom Proulx (New York: Springer, 2011), 357–364.
16 “keratin is it deforms easily” Andrew Farke, phone interview by Ainissa Ramirez, March 27, 2013.
17 horns also bend backward P. Maity and S. A. Tekalur, “Finite Element Analysis of Ramming in Ovis Canadensis,” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 133, no. 2 (February 2011): 021009.
18 crumple zones in a car Andrew A. Farke, “Frontal Sinuses and Head-Butting in Goats: A Finite Element Analysis,” Journal of Experimental Biology 211, no. 19 (2008): 3085–3094.
EPILOGUE: SHOULD THE NFL BAN HELMETS?
1 IIHS test told a different story Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “2009 Chevrolet Malibu and 1959 Chevrolet Bel Air.” Available at www.iihs.org/video.aspx/info/50thcrash, accessed July 5, 2013.
2 “They build them better” Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “2009 Chevrolet Malibu and 1959 Chevrolet Bel Air.”
3 apply its methodology Adam Bartsch, phone interview by the authors, December 12, 2012.
4 helmet was surprisingly bad A. Bartsch, E. Benzel, V. Miele, and V. Prakash, “Impact Test Comparisons of 20th and 21st Century American Football Helmets,” Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 1 (2012): 222–233.
5 high school rugby players S. W. Marshall and R. J. Spencer, “Concussion in Rugby: The Hidden Epidemic,” Journal of Athletic Training 36, no. 3 (2001): 334–338.
6 5 and 6 per thousand player hours Australian Football League Medical Officers’ Association, “The Management of Concussions in Australian Football,” 2011.
7 a sixteen-year study Randall Dick et al., “Descriptive Epidemiology of Collegiate Men’s Football Injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004,” Journal of Athletic Training 42, no. 2 (2007): 221.
8 “stick their faces in there” Sean Leahy, “Ditka: Take Face Masks Away from NFL to Reduce Violent Hits,” USA Today, October 23, 2008.
9 “for fifteen years” Jerry DiPaola, “Paterno, Ditka Offer Solutions to Dicey Hits,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, October 20, 2010.
10 a vehement response A. Manickam and L. A. Marshman, “Subdural Hematoma,” Journal of Neurosurgery 117, no. 1 (2012): 186, author reply 186–187.
11 “that’s not the answer” Robert Stern interview.
12 compared football to dog fighting Malcolm Gladwell, “Offensive Play: How Different Are Dogfighting and Football?” New Yorker, October 19, 2009.
13 called them paradigm shifts T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
ALSO BY ALLEN ST. JOHN
The Billion Dollar Game: Behind the Scenes
of the Greatest Day in American Sport—
Super Bowl Sunday
Clapton’s Guitar: Watching Wayne Henderson
Build the Perfect Instrument
The Mad Dog 100: The Greatest Sports Arguments
of All Time (with Christopher Russo)
ALSO BY AINISSA G. RAMIREZ, PH.D.
Save Our Science: How to Inspire
a New Generation of Scientists
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
An award-winning journalist and New York Times bestselling author, ALLEN ST. JOHN has written seven books, including The Billion Dollar Game and Clapton’s Guitar. He was a columnist for The Wall Street Journal and The Village Voice, and has written for The New York Times Magazine, U.S. News & World Report, Men’s Journal, Maxim, Playboy, Road & Truck, Rolling Stone, Esquire.com, theatlantic.com, Salon.com, and Forbes.com, where he is a regular contributor. His work has been featured in The Best American Sports Writing. A graduate of the University of Chicago, he lives in Montclair, New Jersey, with his wife, Sally St. John, his two children, Ethan and Emma, and Tessie the dog. (www.allenstjohn.com)
AINISSA G. RAMIREZ, PH.D., is dedicated to making science fun for people of all ages. She is the author of the TED Book Save Our Science, based on her TED talk on improving science education. Before that, she was a popular engineering professor at Yale University. She received her Ph.D. from Stanford University in materials science and engineering and holds several patents, one of which won her inclusion in MIT’s coveted top 100 young innovators award. (www.ainissaramirez.com)
Allen St. John, Newton's Football
