The Year of the Puppy, page 27
called “sticky fixation”: Greg D. Reynolds and Alexandra C. Romano, “The Development of Attention Systems and Working Memory in Infancy,” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 10 (2016): 15.
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ARRIVAL OF THE STORM
“Make time for exercise”: Victoria Stilwell, The Ultimate Guide to Raising a Puppy: How to Train and Care for Your New Dog (New York: Ten Speed Press, 2019).
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people who return their dogs: Francesca Mondelli et al., “The Bond That Never Developed: Adoption and Relinquishment of Dogs in a Rescue Shelter,” Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 7, no. 4 (2004): 253–66.
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they don’t yet look to us: Emily E. Bray et al., “Dog Cognitive Development: A Longitudinal Study across the First 2 Years of Life,” Animal Cognition 24, no. 2 (2021): 311–28.
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young human learns “doggy”: Stan A. Kuczaj, Martyn D. Barrett, ed., The Development of Word Meaning: Progress in Cognitive Development Research (New York: Springer, 1986).
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(IM)PERFECT PUPPY
“He just loved Christmas”: Clinton R. Sanders, “Understanding Dogs: Caretakers’ Attributions of Mindedness in Canine-Human Relationships,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22, no. 2 (1993): 220.
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the “alone” bark: Julie Hecht and Alexandra Horowitz, “Seeing Animals: Human Preferences for Dog Physical Attributes,” Anthrozoös 28, no. 1 (2015).
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trained pigeons to play ping-pong: “BF Skinner Foundation—Pigeon Ping Pong Clip,” Youtube video, :36, April 1, 2009, youtube.com/watch?v=vGazyH6fQQ4.
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pilot a guided missile: Joseph Stromberg, “B. F. Skinner’s Pigeon-Guided Rocket,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 18, 2011.
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turn in a counterclockwise circle: “BF Skinner Foundation—Pigeon Turn,” Youtube video, 1:21, April 1, 2009, youtube.com/watch?v=TtfQlkGwE2U.
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pulling on the reins: Andrew N. McLean, “The Positive Aspects of Correct Negative Reinforcement,” Anthrozoös 18, no. 3 (2005): 245–54.
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Training You to Train Your Dog: Blanche Saunders, Training You to Train Your Dog (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1946), 19.
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“holding his jaws together”: Saunders, Training You to Train Your Dog.
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“grasp it by the throat”: Mine and Tunnel Dog Training and Employment, Field Manual 7-41 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Army, 1973).
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“but no flogging”: William Dobson, Kunopaedia. A Practical Essay on Breaking or Training the English Spaniel or Pointer (London: C. Whittingham, 1814).
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“a leathern strap”: Thomas Burgeland Johnson, The Shooter’s Companion, 2nd ed. (London: Sherwood, Jones, & Co., 1823).
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“without a single blow”: Stephen T. Hammond, Practical Dog Training, or, Training vs. Breaking (New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Company, 1882).
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“This trick is exceedingly funny”: William E. Sterling, A System of Dog Training and Complete Medical Guide (New York: The American News Company, 1881).
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GHOSTS
Sophia Yin’s list: Sophia Yin, Perfect Puppy in 7 Days: How to Start Your Puppy Off Right (Davis, CA: CattleDog Publishing, 2011).
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Swedish working dog community: Kenth Svartberg and Björn Forkman, “Personality Traits in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris),” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 79, no. 2 (2002): 133–56.
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the marshmallow test: Walter Mischel, Ebbe B. Ebbesen, and Antonette Raskoff Zeiss, “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21, no. 2 (1972): 204–18.
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involves the frontal cortex: Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang, Welcome to Your Child’s Brain: How the Mind Grows from Conception to College (New York: Bloomsbury, 2012).
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white matter, the myelin: Bill Gross et al., “Normal Canine Brain Maturation at Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 51, no. 4 (2010): 361–73.
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big-dog electrical activity: Lisa Dietz et al., “The Importance of Early Life Experiences for the Development of Behavioural Disorders in Domestic Dogs,” Behaviour 155 (2019): 83–114.
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if the dog had found food: Marianne Heberlein and Dennis C. Turner, “Dogs, Canis familiaris, Find Hidden Food by Observing and Interacting with a Conspecific,” Animal Behaviour 78 (2009): 385–91.
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Chaser, a Border collie: John W. Pilley and Alliston K. Reid, “Border Collie Comprehends Object Names as Verbal Referents,” Behavioural Processes 86, no. 2 (2011): 184–95.
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putting in the effort: Attila Andics and Ádám Miklósi, “Neural Processes of Vocal Social Perception: Dog-Human Comparative fMRI Studies, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 85 (February 2018): 54–64.
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the “cocktail-party effect”: Amritha Mallikarjun, Emily Shroads, and Rochelle S. Newman, “The Cocktail Party Effect in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris),” Animal Cognition 22, no. 3 (2019): 423–32.
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responsive to this kind of speech: Tobey Ben-Aderet et al., “Dog-Directed Speech: Why Do We Use It and Do Dogs Pay Attention to It?,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284, no. 1846 (2017): 20162429.
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a strong relationship with their dogs: Pinar Thorn et al., “The Canine Cuteness Effect: Owner-Perceived Cuteness as a Predictor of Human-Dog Relationship Quality,” Anthrozoös 28, no. 4 (2015): 569–85.
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fifty things you should notice: Michael Sorkin, Two Hundred and Fifty Things an Architect Should Know (Hudson, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2021).
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PUPPY’S POINT OF VIEW
270-degree visual field: Alexandra Horowitz, Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know (New York: Scribner, 2009), 124.
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“one of the most robust findings”: Patricia J. Bauer, “Amnesia, Infantile,” in Language, Memory, and Cognition in Infancy and Early Childhood, ed. Janette B. Benson and Marshall M. Haith (San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2009), 1–12.
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“Kin recognition,” the unsexy name: Peter G. Hepper, “Long-Term Retention of Kinship Recognition Established during Infancy in the Domestic Dog,” Behavioural Processes 33, nos. 1–2 (1994): 3–14.
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Male dogs were particularly adept: Carisa Gillis et al., “Scent-Mediated Kin Recognition and a Similar Type of Long-Term Olfactory Memory in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris), in Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, ed. Robert E. Johnston et al. (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 1999), 309–14.
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separated from their person: Gillis et al., “Scent-Mediated Kin Recognition.”
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attachment to their entire pack: József Topál et al., “Attachment to Humans: A Comparative Study on Hand-Reared Wolves and Differently Socialized Dog Puppies,” Animal Behaviour 70, no. 6 (2005): 1367–75.
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three ten-minute visits: Márta Gácsi et al., “Attachment Behavior of Adult Dogs (Canis familiaris) Living at Rescue Centers: Forming New Bonds,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 115, no. 4 (2001): 423–31.
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certain abilities are set: Angelina S. Lillard and Alev Erisir, “Old Dogs Learning New Tricks: Neuroplasticity beyond the Juvenile Period,” Developmental Review 31, no. 4 (2011): 207–39.
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failed because they were frightened: C. J. Pfaffenberger and J. P. Scott, “The Relationship between Delayed Socialization and Trainability in Guide Dogs,” Journal of Genetic Psychology 95 (1959): 145–55.
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juvenile period living in a kennel: Naomi D. Harvey et al., “Test-Retest Reliability and Predictive Validity of a Juvenile Guide Dog Behavior Test,” Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research 11 (2016): 65–76.
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busy urban environment: David L. Appleby, John W. S. Bradshaw, and Rachel A. Casey, “Relationship between Aggressive and Avoidance Behaviour by Dogs and Their Experience in the First Six Months of Life,” Veterinary Record 150, no. 14 (2002): 434–38.
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Captive wolf cubs: Lisa Dietz et al., “The Importance of Early Life Experiences for the Development of Behavioural Disorders in Domestic Dogs,” Behaviour 155 (2019): 83–114.
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given a chance to socialize: Tiffani J. Howell, Tammie King, and Pauleen C. Bennett, “Puppy Parties and Beyond: The Role of Early Age Socialization Practices on Adult Dog Behavior,” Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 6 (2015): 143–53.
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holding their heads up: Karen E. Adolph and Sarah E. Berger, “Physical and Motor Development,” in Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook, ed. Marc H. Bornstein and Michael E. Lamb, 6th ed., 241–302 (New York: Psychology Press/Taylor and Francis, 2010).
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IN AND UP
pretty desirable behaviors: Kathy Sdao, Plenty in Life Is Free: Reflections on Dogs, Training and Finding Grace (Wenatchee, WA: Dogwise Publishing, 2012).
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“three-segmented limbs”: Daniela Helmsmüller et al., “Ontogenetic Allometry of the Beagle,” BMC Veterinary Research 9 (2013): 203.
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trying to get through a doorway: Alexandra Horowitz et al., “Can Dogs Limbo? Dogs’ Perception of Affordances for Negotiating an Opening,” Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 620.
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Dogs can limbo: Horowitz et al., “Can Dogs Limbo?”
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step of the rear leg: Rachel Page Elliott, Dogsteps—a New Look: A Better Understanding of Dog Gait through Cineradiography—“Moving X-rays,” 3rd ed. (Mount Joy, PA: CompanionHouse Books/Fox Chapel, 2014).
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dogs are a little more “sloppy”: Paul Rezendes, Tracking and the Art of Seeing: How to Read Animal Tracks and Sign, 2nd ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1999).
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five-month-olds might be accomplished: Karen E. Adolph and Sarah E. Berger, “Physical and Motor Development,” in Developmental Science: An Advanced Textbook, ed. Marc H. Bornstein and Michael E. Lamb, 6th ed., 241–302 (New York: Psychology Press/Taylor and Francis, 2010).
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330,000 fewer animals: “Shelter Animals Count: The National Database,” accessed June 22, 2021 at shelteranimalscount.org/american-pets-alive-blog-the-datas-in-no-pandemic-pets-werent-returned-to-shelters-but-shelters-do-need-help.
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the smell of their persons: Alexandra Horowitz, “Discrimination of Person Odor by Owned Domestic Dogs,” International Journal of Comparative Psychology 33 (2020).
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Dogs are much better readers: Catia Correia-Caeiro, Kun Guo, and Daniel Mills, “Bodily Emotional Expressions Are a Primary Source of Information for Dogs, but Not for Humans,” Animal Cognition 24, no. 2 (2021): 267–79.
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distinguishing happy faces: Miho Nagasawa et al., “Dogs Can Discriminate Human Smiling Faces from Blank Expressions,” Animal Cognition 14, no. 4 (2011): 525–33.
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happy from angry faces: Corsin A. Müller et al., “Dogs Can Discriminate Emotional Expressions of Human Faces,” Current Biology 25, no. 5 (2015): 601–5.
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can match a photo: Natalia Albuquerque et al., “Dogs Recognize Dog and Human Emotions,” Biology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 20150883.
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person opening a box: David Buttelmann and Michael Tomasello, “Can Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) Use Referential Emotional Expressions to Locate Hidden Food?,” Animal Cognition 16, no. 1 (2013): 137–45.
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can identify these expressions: Müller et al., “Dogs Can Discriminate.”
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THE TROUBLES
a lot of broadband sound: Kathryn Lord, Mark Feinstein, and Raymond Coppinger, “Barking and Mobbing,” Behavioural Processes 81, no. 3 (2009): 358–68.
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barks convey a lot: Nikolett Jégh-Czinege, Tamás Faragó, and Péter Pongrácz, “A Bark of Its Own Kind—the Acoustics of ‘Annoying’ Dog Barks Suggests a Specific Attention-Evoking Effect for Humans,” Bioacoustics 29, no. 2 (2020): 210–25.
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right smack in the frequency: Jégh-Czinege, Faragó, and Pongrácz, “A Bark of Its Own Kind.”
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homology between baby crying: Péter Pongrácz et al., “Human Listeners Are Able to Classify Dog (Canis familiaris) Barks Recorded in Different Situations,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 119, no. 2 (2005): 136–44.
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four-and-a-half-month-old children: Denise R. Mandel, Peter W. Jusczyk, and David B. Pisoni, “Infants’ Recognition of the Sound Patterns of Their Own Names,” Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (1995): 314–17.
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found her live person: “Vara (7-19-21),” Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Youtube video, 2:41, July 19, 2021, youtube.com/watch?v=RksUU7ErPcc.
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“sawdust and cleaning supplies”: Amritha Mallikarjun, personal correspondence, August 15, 2021.
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compound was designed: Kenneth G. Furton et al., “Advances in the Use of Odour as Forensic Evidence through Optimizing and Standardizing Instruments and Canines,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370, no. 1674 (2015): 20140262.
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allows the trainers to teach: Cynthia M. Otto, “Implementing Early Odor Training,” 2019 AKC US Detection Dog Conference, August 27–29, 2019, Durham, NC.
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a specially designed room: See, e.g., Bob Dougherty’s UCD imprint training with puppy Dozer, “Dozer udc imprint 3 elbows 12 10 2020 1,” Youtube video, 9:37, January 14, 2021, youtube.com/watch?v=y6C1MALJonM.
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“How do [we] accomplish this task?”: Julia Parish-Morris, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, and Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek, “From Coo to Code: A Brief Story of Language Development,” in The Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, vol. 1, ed. Philip David Zelazo, 867–908 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
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TO SLEEP, PERCHANCE
“A reversible state of immobility”: Rachel Kinsman et al., “Sleep Duration and Behaviours: A Descriptive Analysis of a Cohort of Dogs up to 12 Months of Age,” Animals 10, no. 7 (2020): 1172.
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