and wuwei 547–8, 549

  Zhuangzi 546, 548, 551

  Darwin, Charles 279, 331

  Autobiography 198

  The Descent of Man 301

  and Schopenhauer 301

  Darwinism

  Darwinian biology 320

  evolution debate 335

  and pragmatism 331

  Davidson, Donald 336, 419–23

  and Dummett 423

  and philosophy of action 422

  and philosophy of mind: and anomalous monism 422–3, 437–9; interpretation theory 438; and supervenience 423, 437–8

  and Quine 419–20

  truth-conditional approach to meaning 419–22, 432

  and Whitehead 419

  de Gaulle, Charles 487

  De Morgan, Augustus 165n, 586, 587

  Theorems 110n, 361n; Ockham’s anticipation of De Morgan’s Theorems 165n

  death

  ‘Being-towards-death’ 480–81

  Cicero and learning how to die 114

  freedom from fear of 114

  and the soul 70

  deconstruction

  and Continental philosophy 337; Derrida 504

  of phenomenalism 411–12

  Dedekind, Richard 38, 348, 349

  deism 211n, 227, 270–71

  in Patanjali sutras 521

  Deleuze, Georges 500

  Deleuze, Gilles 336, 471, 500–503

  Anti-Oedipus (with Guattari) 501

  and art 502–3

  birth details 500

  Difference and Repetition 503

  as an empiricist 500, 501

  and ethical striving 502

  and Foucault 500, 501

  and Guattari 500–501, 503

  and Hegel 500

  and immanence 502

  and Kant 500

  ‘Letter to a Critic’ 500–501

  Nietzsche and Philosophy 500

  and Spinoza 501–2

  suicide 501

  A Thousand Plateaus (with Guattari) 501

  What is Philosophy? (with Guattari) 501

  Delphi, oracle of (Pythian Apollo) 59, 180, 294

  democracy

  Athenian 66

  and Burke 274

  and Marsilius 186

  and Plato 66, 73

  and Popper 395

  representative, and Rousseau 255

  Democritus 10, 99, 120

  and Aristotle 48

  atomism 47–51

  birth details 48

  cosmology 49–50

  The Little World System (‘Microcosmos’) 48

  and Simplicius 49

  and ‘true-born’ vs ‘bastard’ knowledge 50

  Dennett, Daniel 443–4

  denotative theory of meaning 340–41, 414

  deontology 265, 305–6, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457

  Derrida, Jacques 336, 471, 503–6, 507

  birth details 503

  and Blanchot 505–6

  deconstructionism 504

  and deferral of meaning 504–5

  Of Grammatology 504–5

  and Heidegger 168, 503, 505

  and Husserl 503

  influences on 503, 505–6

  and Merleau-Ponty 485

  and Ricoeur 503

  Speech and Phenomena 504

  Writing and Difference 504

  Derveni Papyrus 7, 7–8n

  Descartes, René 200–206, 270

  and Aquinas 157

  arguments for existence of a god 202, 204, 206

  birth details 200, 201

  cogito, ergo sum argument 201–3; precursors 206

  and deity xxi, 202, 204, 206

  demon hypothesis 203

  Discourse on Method 206

  dualism see dualism: Cartesian

  epistemology: and chain of reasoning 201; influence 206; method of doubt 201–4

  as ‘father of modern philosophy’ 200

  followers (Cartesians) 218

  influence of Sextus on 123

  at La Flèche 142, 241

  and Leibniz 235

  and mathematics 200

  Meditations on First Philosophy 200, 204, 206, 207

  and methodology 159n, 200–204

  mind–body problem and dualism 204–6, 213, 407–8, 439

  and Neoplatonism 204

  and physics 200

  Principles of Philosophy (examination by Spinoza) 212

  as a rationalist 196, 201

  rejection of Scholasticism 196

  and Silhon 206

  writings placed on Index of Forbidden Books 157

  Descriptions, Russell’s Theory of 341–4, 355

  desire

  control over 215–16

  and eliminative materialism 440–41

  release from 215–16, 300

  sexual 301

  and the will to overcome (Nietzsche) 318–19

  determinism 511 see also predestination

  and freedom through acceptance of the inevitable 113, 213

  and historical materialism 312–13

  and Leibniz 239

  and Spinoza 213, 215

  and Stoicism 110–11, 117

  Deussen, Paul 520–21

  Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher 308

  Dewey, John

  and education 333

  ethics 333

  pragmatism 329, 331–3

  dialectic

  and Arcesilaus 116

  and Bradley 320–21

  dialectical journey of Geist 289–94

  and Hegel 289–94, 489, 491

  of historical process 292–4, 309, 312–13

  and Marx 309, 312–13

  and Plato 292–3 see also Socratic method

  quodlibetical disputation 134, 152

  Socratic see Socratic method

  and Zeno of Elea 35

  Diderot, Denis 251

  Les Bijoux indiscrets 269

  and deism 271

  and Encyclopédie 269, 272–3

  and Rousseau 251, 252–3

  Supplement to Bougainville’s Voyage 271

  Didymus the Blind 55

  dignity of man 172–4, 179–81

  and Montaigne’s rational scepticism 181

  Dilthey, Wilhelm 494

  Dinnaga 531

  Diogenes the Cynic 99, 100, 101–2

  Diogenes Laertius: The Lives of the Philosophers 6, 122

  and Anaxagoras 44

  and Anaximander 14, 15, 31

  and Antishenes as founder of Cynicism 100–101

  and Crates 103

  and Diogenes the Cynic 101

  and Empedocles 42

  and Epicurus 103, 104

  and Heraclitus 28

  and Nietzsche 315

  and Parmenides 31

  and Pyrrho 120–21

  and Pythagoras 19

  and Thales 14

  and Zeno of Elea 35–6

  Dion of Syracuse 66–7

  disclosure (aletheia) 479, 480

  dissonance 21

  Dobson, Susannah 179

  Dogmatists 123

  Dominicans 151, 152, 153

  Domitian 113

  Donatism 139

  Donnellan, Keith 428–9

  Double Negation, Law of 343, 425

  doxography 5–6

  Dreben, Burton 389n

  dualism see also matter: interaction/relationship of mind and; mind–body problem

  al-Kindi on Greek dualistic ontology 560

  Cartesian 204–6, 213, 439; and Ryle’s ‘ghost in the machine’ 407–8

  ‘dual aspect’ theory of a person 416

  Manichean 138

  Samkhya dualism of purusha and prakriti 521, 524, 525

  Dummett, Michael

  and Analytic philosophy and philosophy of language 336, 358, 423–7; and realism 423–4

  Catholicism 157

  and Davidson 423

  and Frege 336, 357–8n, 423; Frege: Philosophy of Language 358, 423

  and Wittgenstein 423

  Dumont, Etienne 282

  Duns Scotus, John 161–3

  and Aquinas 162

  argument for existence of God 162–3

  and Aristotle 162

  commentaries: on Aristotle 162; on Lombard’s Sentences 162

  and Henry of Ghent 162

  and Ockham 163

  and ‘prime matter’ 163

  and space 162

  and time 162

  and universals 163

  duty xvii, 249, 446, 457

  civic 108, 225

  and deontology see deontology

  and freedom 295

  of a good man (Aquinas) 186–7

  and Kant 264, 265–6

  of a prince/sovereign 186–7, 190, 209

  religious 568

  and Stoicism 101, 108

  and virtue-ethics 455

  Dworkin, Ronald 469

  earthquakes 14, 17

  East India Company, British 304

  eclipses 10, 14

  lunar 46, 47

  economic systems

  capitalism see capitalism

  Communism see Communism

  and Marx 310, 311, 314

  Eden 140, 181, 225

  Edinburgh 240, 242

  University 240, 241

  education

  and Aristotle 91, 94 see also Peripatetic school

  and Roger Bacon 159–60

  and the Church 285–6

  and Confucianism 541

  and Dewey 333

  and Encyclopédie 272–3

  and ‘noble use of leisure’ (otium) 94, 187 see also leisure, ‘noble’ use of

  nonconformist 285–6, 304

  philosophy as education of the mind 107

  Plato’s Socrates on (Republic) 71–2

  and Renaissance humanism 177–8

  and Rousseau 250, 252

  as route to the good life 272–3

  Socrates on (in Plato’s Republic) 71–2

  sophists as educators 52

  ‘unforgetting’ and theory of recollection 69

  women’s exclusion from 468

  egoism 301, 453

  Einstein, Albert 297, 508

  General Relativity theory 378

  Elea 10

  Eleatic school of philosophy 10 see also Melissus; Parmenides; Zeno of Elea

  and atomism 50, 51

  and reality as single unchanging eternal thing 26–7, 32–4, 36, 44

  Xenophanes as ‘first of the Eleatics’ (Plato) 26–7

  elements, four 16, 29–30

  and Anaxagoras 46

  and Aristotle’s fifth element, the quintessence 95–6

  and Empedocles 40, 41, 42, 96

  and Heraclitus 30

  and Stoicism 109

  elenchus see Socratic method

  Eliot, George (Marian Evans) 296, 303

  Eliot, T. S. 389n

  Elis, Peloponnese 56, 121

  Elisabeth of Bohemia 206

  emanationism 138

  of Brahman (Samkhya) 525

  in Islamic thought (fayd) 556, 561, 565

  Leibniz 238, 239

  Neoplatonism and matter as emanation of nous 128

  emotivism 356, 446–8

  Empedocles 7, 10, 39–43

  and Aristotle 42

  cosmology: arche 41; and the elements 40, 41, 42, 96; and Love–Strife interaction 41, 42, 45; and random combinations of elements 41

  death 42

  On Nature 40

  and Parmenides 40, 41

  as a physician 40

  politics 39

  powers claimed by 40

  Purifications 40

  and Pythagoreanism 40, 42

  and reason 41–2

  and Strasbourg Papyrus 7, 8n, 40

  Empiric medical school 122–3

  empiricism

  and Analytic philosophy 335 see also Analytic philosophy

  and Aristotle 89

  and Francis Bacon 196, 198–9

  and Roger Bacon 158, 159

  and Berkeley 226, 228–9, 230

  of Carvaka 522, 532

  and Deleuze 500, 501

  empiricial knowledge 196, 222–3, 242, 410

  empiricist constraint 244

  and Encyclopédie 273

  and the Enlightenment 270

  and epistemology 240, 260–63, 302, 522, 532 see also Positivism

  as a form of psychologism 361

  Green’s hostility to 321

  and Hobbes 207

  and Hume 240

  and idealism 321

  and Locke 218–19

  logical see Logical Positivism

  and mind as a blank slate 260, 262, 381

  and natural science 196

  and Nicholas of Cusa 174

  and a posteriori investigation leading to scientific advances 260

  and Quine 390, 392

  and rationalism 196–7, 259–62

  and Russell 351–2

  and Spinoza 502

  triad of British empiricists 218, 240

  emptiness (sunyata) 530, 531

  Encyclopédie 251, 269, 270, 272–3

  Engelmann, Paul 371

  Engels, Friedrich 312

  The Communist Manifesto (with Marx) 309

  Condition of the Working Class in England 309

  Critique of Political Economy (with Marx) 312

  The German Ideology (with Marx) 309, 312

  and Marx 308–9

  English Civil War 207, 210, 226

  Enlightenment 268–78

  and autonomy 272

  and courage to use own understanding 268, 272

  and empiricism 270

  Encyclopédie 251, 269, 270, 272–3

  and Frankfurt School 277

  and Hume 242–3

  and Kant 266, 268–9, 270

  and Locke 211

  and moral philosophy 243

  and Nazism 277

  and Newton 211

  opposition and opponents 271, 273–4

  and power see power: and the Enlightenment

  and reason 271, 275–6

  and religion 270–71, 272

  and Romanticism 273, 274–5

  and science 271, 274, 277, 278

  and Spinoza 211, 217

  and Utopianism 271

  Epictetus 109, 113

  Poliziano’s Latin translation 177

  Epicureanism 10, 98, 99, 103–7

  materialism 124

  and pleasure 104, 105, 106, 176

  and the Renaissance 184

  Epicurus 103–7, 281

  and Aristotle 104–5

  and atomism 50, 104–6, 107

  birth details 103–4

  and friendship 107

  and happiness 104

  and justice 107

  and perception 105

  Peri Phuseus 103

  and pleasure 104, 105, 106

  Renaissance criticism of 184

  school (‘the Garden’) 10, 104

  and souls 105–6

  and testing of claims 116–17

  Valla’s defence 176

  epiphenomalism 438–9

  epistemology see also knowledge

  and Aristotle 87–8, 115–16

  and Berkeley 227–9, 242

  Carvaka 532

  and chain of reasoning 201

  conferences for the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences 379, 380

  Descartes see Descartes, René: epistemology

  Dinnaga–Dharmakirti school 531

  and empiricism 240, 260–63, 302, 522, 532 see also empiricism; Positivism

  epistemological scepticism (Berkeley) 227

  and ethics 242–3

  fallibilist 330, 390

  feminist approach to 468–9

  folk psychology and tacit knowledge 439

  and foundationalists 330

  and Hume see Hume, David: epistemology

  inadequacy of impression 111

  and Kant see Kant, Immanuel: epistemology

  and Locke 219–23, 242

  and mathematics 348

  method of doubt 201–4

  and Moore 367–8

  and the nature of reality 583

  Nyaya 521

  and physicalism 390

  and Plato see Plato: and knowledge

  and Quine 390

  and reason (Kant) 259–63

  and Russell 352–5

  Samkhya 524–5

  Socratic see Socratic method

  and Spinoza 214

  and Stoicism 110–11

  summary of meaning of xvi

  ‘unforgetting’ and theory of recollection 69

  unknowability of world in itself (Kant) 262, 292, 299

  and Wittgenstein 404

  epistocracy 72

  Equivocation Fallacy 593

  Erasmus of Rotterdam 135, 184

  and Cicero 182

  Erkenntnis 377, 379

  Ernst Mach Society 379

  error theory 356, 451

  eternity 141, 143–4

  ‘eternal consciousness’ (Green) 322

  ethics

  altruism 107, 453

  in Analytic tradition see Analytic philosophy: ethics/morality

  applied 444, 457

  Aquinas see Thomas Aquinas: ethics

  Aristotle see Aristotle: ethics

  authenticity in Sartrean ethics 490

  Bradley 325

  and Christian dependence on Holy Spirit 182–3

  Confucian see Confucianism: ethics

  consequentialist see consequentialism

  and Cynicism 99, 100–103

  Deleuze and ethical striving 502

  deontology 265, 305–6, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457

  and Dewey 333

  distinguished from morality xvii

  doctrine of the mean 24, 93–4

  and duty see duty

  and emotions as source of motivation 247, 248, 540

  emotivism 356, 446–8

  and epistemology 242–3

  and error theory 356, 451

  and al-Ghazali 570

  Heraclitus and ethical significance of knowledge 30

  and Hume see Hume, David: ethics and morality

  Jain ahimsa (non-harm) 523, 532

  Kant see Kant, Immanuel: moral philosophy and ethics

  Luther’s attack on Scholastic use of Aristotle’s ethics 183

  metaethics xvii, 444 see also Analytic philosophy: ethics/morality

  Mohist 542–5, 581

  Moore see Moore, G. E.: ethics

  and Neoplatonism 129

  Nietzsche see Nietzsche, Friedrich: ethics and morality

  normative xvii, 444–5

  philosophy rejected as offering insight into 183

  politics as continuous with 84, 94–5, 178–9, 583

  and practical wisdom (phronesis) 61, 92–3, 454, 455

  Protestant use of pagan philosophical ethics 183

  reason and wisdom as basis of 61, 182, 183

  and Renaissance humanism 178–84

  Renaissance views of basis of ethical choice for pagans and Christians 182–3

  and rhetoric 169

  Ricoeur’s ethical metaphysics 498, 499

  Schopenhauer see Schopenhauer, Arthur: ethics

  ‘slave morality’ 54n, 318

  and Socrates see Socrates: ethics

  and Spinoza 212–16

 

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